O Malayan breeze, what have we done to displease you, so that you stir up lust in our hearts, which have already been shattered by Govinda’s sidelong glances?

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TRANSLATION

Śukadeva Gosvamī said: The master of the goddess of fortune resided happily in His capital city, Dvārakā, which was endowed with all opulences and populated by the most eminent Vṛṣṇis and their gorgeously dressed wives. When these beautiful women in the bloom of youth would play on the city’s rooftops with balls and other toys, they shone like flashing lightning. The main streets of the city were always crowded with intoxicated elephants exuding mada, and also with cavalry, richly adorned infantrymen, and soldiers riding chariots brilliantly decorated with gold. Gracing the city were many gardens and parks with rows of flowering trees, where bees and birds would gather, filling all directions with their songs.

Lord Kṛṣṇa was the sole beloved of His sixteen thousand wives. Expanding Himself into that many forms, He enjoyed with each of His queens in her own richly furnished residence. On the grounds of these palaces were clear ponds fragrant with the pollen of blooming utpala, kahlāra, kumuda and ambhoja lotuses and filled with flocks of cooing birds. The almighty Lord would enter those ponds, and also various rivers, and enjoy sporting in the water while His wives embraced Him, leaving the red kuṅkuma from their breasts smeared on His body.

COMMENTARY

This chapter describes the prema-vaicittya of the Dvārakā Mahiṣīs (Queens of Dvārakā) during their water sports with Kṛṣṇa, the power of the Yadu dynasty, and the eternal nature of Kṛṣṇa’s pastimes.

[Prema-vaicittya is one of four states of love in separation (vipralambha) wherein even in the beloved’s presence, the lover, out of intense love, fails to perceive the presence of the beloved and is thus aggrieved with feelings of separation.]

According to the maxim madhureṇa samāpayet, “all things should end sweetly” Śukadeva Gosvāmī has described Śrī Kṛṣṇa’s water sports in the attractive setting of Dvārakā, followed by the rapturous prayers of the Dvārakā Mahiṣīs, which are known as the mahiṣī-gīta. In the first verse, Śukadeva describes the attractiveness of Dvārakā to serve as an uddīpana, stimulator for loving sentiments. He elaborately describes how Kṛṣṇa enjoyed in all those palaces, sported in the royal ponds full of pure, fragrant water, and then played in the clear rivers. While enjoying in the water, Kṛṣṇa embraced His consorts (parirabdhas ca yoṣitām).

|| 10.90.8-9 ||

upagīyamāno gandharvair mṛdaṅga-paṇavānakān

vādayadbhir mudā vīṇāṁ sūta-māgadha-vandibhiḥ

sicyamāno ’cyutas tābhir hasantībhiḥ sma recakaiḥ

pratiṣiñcan vicikrīḍe yakṣībhir yakṣa-rāḍ iva

TRANSLATION

As Gandharvas joyfully sang His praises to the accompaniment of mṛdaṅga, paṇava and ānaka drums, and as professional reciters known as Sūtas, Māgadhas and Vandīs played vīṇās and recited poems praising Him, Lord Kṛṣṇa would play with His wives in the water. Laughing, the queens would squirt water on Him with syringes, and He would squirt them back. Thus Kṛṣṇa would sport with His queens in the same way that the lord of the Yakṣas sports with the Yakṣī nymphs.

COMMENTARY

The Queens soaked Kṛṣṇa’s body with water from their water guns (recakaiḥ). They are compared to the Yakṣis because of the ferocity of their sporting.

|| 10.90.10 ||

tāḥ klinna-vastra-vivṛtoru-kuca-pradeśāḥ

siñcantya uddhṛta-bṛhat-kavara-prasūnāḥ

kāntaṁ sma recaka-jihīrṣayayopaguhya

jāta-smarotsmaya-lasad-vadanā virejuḥ

TRANSLATION

Under the drenched clothing of the queens, their thighs and breasts would become visible. The flowers tied in their large braids would scatter as they sprayed water on their consort, and on the plea of trying to take away His syringe, they would embrace Him. By His touch their lusty feelings would increase, causing their faces to beam with smiles. Thus Lord Kṛṣṇa’s queens shone with resplendent beauty.

COMMENTARY

The flowers fell (uddhṛta) from their long hair braids.

|| 10.90.11 ||

kṛṣṇas tu tat-stana-viṣajjita-kuṅkuma-srak

krīḍābhiṣaṅga-dhuta-kuntala-vṛnda-bandhaḥ

siñcan muhur yuvatibhiḥ pratiṣicyamāno

reme kareṇubhir ivebha-patiḥ parītaḥ

TRANSLATION

Lord Kṛṣṇa’s flower garland would become smeared with kuṅkuma from their breasts, and His abundant locks of hair would become disheveled as a result of His absorption in the game. As the Lord repeatedly sprayed His young consorts and they sprayed Him in turn, He enjoyed Himself like the king of elephants enjoying in the company of his bevy of she-elephants.

COMMENTARY

Kṛṣṇa’s garland was smeared with the kuṇkuma from their breasts.

|| 10.90.12 ||

naṭānāṁ nartakīnāṁ ca gīta-vādyopajīvinām

krīḍālaṅkāra-vāsāṁsi kṛṣṇo ’dāt tasya ca striyaḥ

TRANSLATION

Afterward, Lord Kṛṣṇa and His wives would give the ornaments and clothing they had worn during their water sports to the male and female performers, who earned their livelihood from singing and from playing instrumental music.

COMMENTARY

Afterwards, Kṛṣṇa and His queens gave the ornaments and clothing used during their water sports to the musical performers (naṭānāṁ). In the word naṭānām (male performers) the genitive case is used for the dative case.

|| 10.90.13 ||

kṛṣṇasyaivaṁ viharato gaty-ālāpekṣita-smitaiḥ

narma-kṣveli-pariṣvaṅgaiḥ strīṇāṁ kila hṛtā dhiyaḥ

TRANSLATION

In this way Lord Kṛṣṇa would sport with His queens, totally captivating their hearts with His gestures, talks, glances and smiles, and also with His jokes, playful exchanges and embraces.

|| 10.90.14 ||

ūcur mukundaika-dhiyo gira unmatta-vaj jaḍam

cintayantyo ’ravindākṣaṁ tāni me gadataḥ śṛṇu

TRANSLATION

The queens would become stunned in ecstatic trance, their minds absorbed in Kṛṣṇa alone. Then, thinking of their lotus-eyed Lord, they would speak as if insane. Please hear these words from me as I relate them.

COMMENTARY

Thinking of lotus-eyed Kṛṣṇa, who was visible right before them, the Queens spoke as if mad (unmattavat) in words devoid of judgment (jaḍam:vicāra-sūnyam).

This superficial appearance of insanity in Kṛṣṇa’s queens, as if they had become intoxicated by dhatūra or some other hallucinogenic drug, was in fact the manifestation of the sixth stage of prema, a variety of anurāga known as prema-vaicittya. Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī refers to this variety of anurāga in his Ujjvala-nīlamaṇi (15.134):

priyasya sannikarṣe ’pi premotkarṣa-svabhāvataḥ

yā viśleṣa-dhiyārtis tat prema-vaicitryam ucyate

“When, as a natural by-product of one’s extreme love, one feels the distress of separation even in the direct presence of the beloved, this state is called prema-vaicitrya.”

|| 10.90.15 ||

mahiṣya ūcuḥ

kurari vilapasi tvaṁ vīta-nidrā na śeṣe

svapiti jagati rātryām īśvaro gupta-bodhaḥ

vayam iva sakhi kaccid gāḍha-nirviddha-cetā

nalina-nayana-hāsodāra-līlekṣitena

TRANSLATION

The queens said: O kurarī bird, you are lamenting. Now it is night, and somewhere in this world the Supreme Lord is asleep in a hidden place. But you are wide awake, O friend, unable to fall asleep. Is it that, like us, you have had your heart pierced to the core by the lotus-eyed Lord’s munificent, playful smiling glances?

COMMENTARY

The transcendental madness (unmāda) of the queens filled them with such ecstasy that they saw their own mood reflected in everyone and everything else. This is expressed in ten verses (15-24) known as the mahiṣī-gīta.

The Queens said, “O kurarī (osprey)! You are sorrowing in separation from your beloved and therefore cannot sleep. But that person, the Supreme Lord and our husband, has no love for you; for He is sleeping, and does not hear your lamentations. Thus the mercy of His that might arise from hearing your lamentation, and by which He might associate with you, will not manifest.”

If the kurarī bird were to ask, “Well then, is Kṛṣṇa sleeping with you?” the Queens would respond, “No, not at all! His whereabouts are unknown (gupta-bodhaḥ) to us. He is out in the world somewhere this night, but we have no idea where to go looking for Him. O Śiva! Śiva! Oh, dear bird, even though you are a simple creature, your heart has been deeply pierced, just like ours. You must have had some contact, then, with our Kṛṣṇa and become attracted to His lotus eyes, broad smile and playful glances. Due to your hopeless attachment, you cannot stop thinking, ‘Certainly I will meet Him.’”

|| 10.90.16 ||

netre nimīlayasi naktam adṛṣṭa-bandhus

tvaṁ roravīṣi karuṇaṁ bata cakravāki

dāsyaṁ gata vayam ivācyuta-pāda-juṣṭāṁ

kiṁ vā srajaṁ spṛhayase kavareṇa voḍhum

TRANSLATION

Poor cakravākī, even after closing your eyes, you continue to cry pitifully through the night for your unseen mate. Or is it that, like us, you have become the servant of Acyuta and hanker to wear in your braided hair the garland He has blessed with the touch of His feet?

commentary

The Queens said, “O cakravākī, are you unable to find your husband (adṛṣta-bandhuḥ)? Alas, such a painful cry must be due to separation from your children.” They then speak of an alternative reason for lamenting. “Perhaps you are like us, who have become servants of Acyuta (dāsyaṁ gata), and desire to bind in our hair the garland which touched His feet.”

|| 10.90.17 ||

bho bhoḥ sadā niṣṭanase udanvann

alabdha-nidro ’dhigata-prajāgaraḥ

kim vā mukundāpahṛtātma-lāñchanaḥ

prāptāṁ daśāṁ tvaṁ ca gato duratyayām

TRANSLATION

Dear ocean, you are always roaring, not sleeping at night. Are you suffering insomnia? Or is it that, as with us, Mukunda has taken your insignias and you are hopeless of retrieving them?

COMMENTARY

The Queens said, “O ocean, giving up your gravity, you are making loud sounds like a disturbed person. Not being able to sleep, you keep tossing and turning and crying with loud shrieks. Please tell us the reason? Well, even if you do not tell us the reason, we know it anyway. Just as, on the pretext of enjoying conjugal love with us, that thief stole our kuṇkuma-smeared pearl necklaces and flower garlands, similarly, He has stolen Lakṣmī, the Kaustubha jewel and the other things which arose from you.”

|| 10.90.18 ||

tvaṁ yakṣmaṇā balavatāsi gṛhīta indo

kṣīṇas tamo na nija-dīdhitibhiḥ kṣiṇoṣi

kaccin mukunda-gaditāni yathā vayaṁ tvaṁ

vismṛtya bhoḥ sthagita-gīr upalakṣyase naḥ

TRANSLATION

My dear moon, having contracted a severe case of tuberculosis, you have become so emaciated that you fail to dispel the darkness with your rays. Or is it that you appear dumbstruck because, like us, you cannot remember the encouraging promises Mukunda once made to you?

COMMENTARY

The Queens said, “O moon, are you becoming thin and losing your power to remove darkness because of emaciation from tuberculosis? No, this cannot be the cause, but rather we know the cause. You have forgotten those clever words and profuse promises that Mukunda made at the beginning of separation. Due to the extremely distraught condition you were in, you did not pay attention to them at that time.”

“Now you cannot remember those words of Mukunda. Because of this great calamity you are all choked up and appear dumb-struck. Therefore, since you do not answer our question, and simply cry like the osprey and cakravākī, you must be feeling the separation we feel from Kṛṣṇa. Thus, you are lamenting over having forgotten His words and just remain here silent and shattered.”

|| 10.90.19 ||

kiṁ nv ācaritam asmābhir malayānila te ’priyam

govindāpāṅga-nirbhinne hṛdīrayasi naḥ smaram

TRANSLATION

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