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1. Programs and data to be processed must be in the______ memory.

a) internal; b) external; c) secondary

2. The control unit______instructions from the program.

a) sends; b) changes; c) obtains

3. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the ______for transferring to main storage.

a) decoder; b) counter; c) accumulator

4. The instruction to be______in control unit is read out from primary storage into the storage register.

a) calculated; b) executed; c) read out

5. The_____performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the_____

a) adder; b) accumulator; c) comparer

6. The read out command is passed from the register to the______register.

a) instruction; b) address; c) storage

7. CPU is designed to  and to basic instructions for the computer.

a) control; b) consist; c) carry out

8. CU and ALU consist of electronic circuits with millions of______.

a) sensors; b) servers; c) switches

2. Согласуйте слова с их интерпретацией.

1. CPU

2. CU

3.ALU

4. accumulator

5. clock

6. counter

7. register

8. decoder

9. comparer

10. adder     

a) performs the processing operations;

b) carries out logical comparisons of stor­age;

c) executes basic arithmetic functions;

d) coordinates the operation of the whole system;

e) selects data from memory;

f) produces electronic marks at regular inter­vals;

g) controls the flow between the primary stor­age and the arithmetic-logical unit

h) keeps the instruction while it is being per­formed;

i) holds the results of processing operations;

j) breaks the instructions into separate commands.

3. Выполните перевод следующего текста письменно по вариантам.

MICROPROCESSOR - A BRAIN ТО THE HARDWARE

1. The microprocessor forms the heart of a microcomputer. The first microprocessors were developed in 1971 as a branch of pocket calculator development. Since then there has been a tremendous raise of work in this field and there appeared doz­ens of different microprocessors. Microprocessors are used pri­marily to replace or increase random logic design.

As it is known computer actually refers to a computing sys­tem including hardware (processor, I/O circuits, power supplies, control panel, etc.) and software (instruction manual, user's manual, assembler and diagnostic and service routines). Proces­sor refers to the processing circuits: control processing unit, memory, interrupt unit, clock and timing. Most processors also include computer software.

Central processing unit — heart of the processor — consists of the register array, arithmetic and logical unit, control unit (in­cluding microROM), and bus control circuits. Microsoftware may also include microinstruction manual, microassembler, etc.

2. The very first microprocessors were fabricated using PMOS technology. "Holes" in the p-type material having a low mobility, those microprocessors were relatively slow devices. Later, improved technology permitted microprocessors to be constructed using n-type MOS and these microprocessors are almost as fast as normal minicomputers.

Some microprocessors are now made using CMOS. The speed and logic density of CMOS are inferior to n-type MOS but the process does have some significant advantages. First of all, it has a low power consumption, power being consumed only when a logic element changes a state. Secondly, it can operate over a wide voltage range. As a result, electronics based on CMOS can operate successfully with "noisy" power supplies. The low consumption makes it quite possible to use a simple battery to maintain the security of supply for several weeks. This type of microprocessor has clear advantages over the other types.

Notes_________________________________________________

MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) — структура металл-оксид-полупроводник, МОП-структура

PMOS (p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor) — р-МОП-структура;

CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) — комплементарная МОП-структура (КМОП)

Unit9 INPUT-OUTPUT UNITS

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