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FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

As it is well known, Russian scientists made great contribu­tion into the development of computers. Russian mathemati­cian P. Chebyshev who lived in the 19th century was interested in calculators. Among many other mechanisms invented by him there was an arithmometer designed in 1876. It was one of the most unique calculating machines of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century Academic A.Krylov constructed a mechan­ical integrator for solving differential equations.

The first Soviet computer, a small-size computing machine (MESM) was tested in 1950 under Academician S.Lebedev. Next year it was put into operation. In a year MESM was fol­lowed by BESM, a large machine, with 8000 opera­tions per second.

Serial production of computers in the USSR has been started since 1953. That year U.Basilevsky headed the design and man­ufacture of computer STRELA. 1958 witnessed the production of M-20, computers of the first gen­eration under the guidance of S.Lebedev. The first gen­eration of electron tube computers was followed by the second generation of foto transistor computers, using magnetic logic ele­ments.

Starting with 1964 semi­conductor computers — URAL, BESM-4 and M-220 were produced. Under Academi­cian Glushkov small-size computers MIR, MIR-2 and DNEPR were designed and tested at the Institute of Cybernetics.

In the late 60s together with other members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance the Soviet Union started on the program of Unified Computer System, the program concerned with the third generation of computers with high-speed perfor­mance and program compatibility (совместимость).

1. What was one of the first achievements in the sphere of calculating in Russia?

a) calculator; b) arithmometer; c) mechanical integrator

2. When was the first Soviet computer put into operation?

a) in 1950; b) in 1951; c) in 1952

3. Who headed the serial production of computers in the USSR?

a) A.Krylov; b) S.Lebedev; c) U. Basilevsky

4. Which machine was the first in the development of the first generation computers?

a) MESM; b) STRELA; с) М-20

5. When did the production of the third generation computers begin?

a) late 60s; b) early 70s; c) late 70s

ENJOY YOURSELF

I. Quiz-game "What do you know about computers?" (Who is the first to give the right answers to the questions below?)

1. What does "a computer-literate" person mean?

2. What is the role of computers in our society?

3. What is electronics?

4. Where are electronic devices used?

5. What invention contributed to the appearance of electronics?

6. When and where was the transistor invented?

7. What advantages did the transistor have over the vacuum tube?

8. When was the integrated circuit discovered?

9. What is the essence of the integrated circuit?

10. What is microelectronics?

11. What techniques does microelectronics use?

12. What scales of integration are known to you?

13. What do you understand by microminiaturization?

14. What was the very first calculating device?

15. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables?

16. Who invented the first calculating machine?

17. How was the first.calculating machine called?

18. What was the first means of coding data?

19. What Business Corporation was the first to produce computers?

20. In what fields were the first computers used?

21. When was the first analog computer build?

22. What was the name of the first digital computer?

23. Who built the first digital computer?

24. What is ENIAC? Decode it.

25. Who contributed the idea of storing data and instructions in binary code?                     -

26. What does binary code mean?

27. What were computers of the first generation based on?

28. What invention contributed to the appearance of the second generation computers?

29. What was the essence of the third computer generation?

30. What is the basis of the fourth computer generation?

31. What is a computer?

32. What are the main functions of the computers?

33. What is a program?

34. What are data?

35. What is data processing?

36. Name four advantages of computer data processing.

37. What is capacity storage?

38. What is hardware?

39. What is software?

40. Who designs computers?

Unit 6

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER

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