A list of phrases used for describing results and drawing conclusions

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- The research has been under way for half a year and we’ve got …

- A lot of work has been done so far and we …

- The data we have obtained so far cannot be used to …

- The results obtained are shown (given, presented) in …

- Chart 4 (figure 3, table 1) showed (indicated, summed up, summarized) …

- From the graph (figure, chart, table) it can be seen that…

- As shown in figure 2 ….

- The data cover a wide range of …

- As expected …

- The results obtained revealed the discrepancy between …

- These results could be explained by assuming (supposing) that …

- There is good agreement of the hypothesis advanced and the results obtained.

- The findings (results) are consistent (in agreement) with …

- Unfortunately, we have failed to … but succeeded in …

- In general, there is no significant (considerable) difference between …

- It appears (seems, is likely is unlikely, is possible) that …

- As a result of our investigation we have come to the conclusion that …

- On the basis of numerous experiments performed we have received sufficient data to …

- These findings prove (suggest, imply, provide evidence) that …

- Detailed understanding of … is still lacking.

- Analogous results hold for …

- The above mentioned facts let us draw (arrive at) the following conclusion…

- Therefore, we conclude that …

Fulfill the exercises given in Vocabulary Work which are based on active vocabulary of the topic under study.

Vocabulary Work

1.Match the words and their definitions.

2. (A). Find the opposites.

(B). Choose appropriate words from the box above and use them in suitable forms in the sentences to follow. (Sometimes more than one word is possible).

1. It would be … to send a letter.

2. She … in proving her hypothesis.

3. It is so … that we have made so little progress in banning nuclear weapons.

4. She has a … collection of philosophical writings.

5. He … to comprehend the seriousness of the problem.

6. The supply was … to meet the demand.

7. This is a … piece of furniture, not the antique as you promised.

8. They had a slight ….

9. The lecture … at 10.

10. The exam was very short and ….

3. (A). Choose words having similar meanings.

(B). Fill in the blanks using the proper words from the box above in suitable forms. (Sometimes more than one word is possible).

1. Are there … seats for all?

2. I hope he … from his stay in this country.

3. He is an … child.

4. What did you … from her behaviour?

5. They are all … in appearance.

6. Her knowledge of English literature is extensive and ….

7. They … their task.

8. Our results are not ….

9. He is not … in his actions.

4. Form collocations using the verbs from the box and the following nouns: detail, conclusion, understanding, support. Think of 3-4 sentences where these collocations can be used and write them down.

5. (A). Match the following adjectives: convincing, scientific, preliminary, superficial with suitable nouns given in the box.

(B). Use some of the word combinations from the previous exercise to complete the sentences. (Sometimes more than one word combination is possible).

1. He has just passed … ….

2. New technological developments have facilitated … ….

3. The … … of this substance did not reveal any interesting peculiarities.

4. His … are always … as he is a man of intellect.

5. Their … …. are worth discussing.

6. Her … of English is rather ….

7. … … has always contributed to economic development of different countries.

8. Their hypothesis appeared true as they obtained … … consistent with the theory.

9. This offer requires … ….

6. (A). Complete the table with the missing forms.

(B). Complete the sentences using some of the adjectives from the previous exercise. (Sometimes more than one word is possible).

1. His reluctance to agree is ….

2. I tried to persuade her but was not ….

3. What has occurred is … with my hopes.

4. This book is … only to specialists.

5. Please be …. Do not punish the child.

6. They were all … to our proposal.

7. In his … speech the chairman expressed his thanks to all participants of the conference.

8. The school team won five … games.

9. Now she is undergoing a course of … treatment at our hospital.

7. Fill in the blanks using the words from the box.

1. We’ve received sufficient … to formulate our final ….

2. They … in gathering … evidence.

3. Their research results are rather ….

4. Her observations allowed her … a definite conclusion.

5. Most of our … are … with the theory we follow.

6. They … to reach an understanding.

7. Her theory was a ….

8. A … description of this process is still lacking.

9. The results of numerical … are shown in table 2.

10. The present results are … to those of the previous experiments.

8. Use the words in brackets in the necessary form.

1. He published his (find) in the journal “Perception”.

2. The scientist must produce (evident) in support of his theories.

3. When we analyzed the data we were able to (conclusion) that smoking was a cause of lung cancer.

4. Information obtained by making (observe) and measurements is data.

5. He was always supportive, (encourage) and very generous in his praise of good ideas.

6. All this is not enough to ensure adequate (supportive) for science in the present climate.

7. The results obtained (coincident) with those received by other researchers.

8. Our research data didn’t (agreement) with the theory we followed.

9. Fill in the crossword puzzle.

Down

1. To bring or gather together.

2. To gain one’s purpose.

3. Advance; development; forward movement.

4. Giving hope, courage or confidence to; inspiring; supporting.

5. To be in a suitable or harmonious relation (with).

6. To come or bring to an end.

Across

7. Observing or being observed; collected and recorded information.

8. To discuss, to deal with.

9. Facts; things certainly known.

10. Translate into English.

1. Ей не удалось подтвердить свою предварительную гипотезу.

2. Полученные данные согласуются с выдвинутой гипотезой.

3. Его выводы не слишком убедительные.

4. Мои знания по этой предмету весьма поверхностные.

5. Она провела тщательный анализ полученных экспериментальных результатов.

6. Они подробно объяснили свою точку зрения по этому вопросу.

7. Не вдаваясь в подробности, она прокомментировала свои выводы.

8. Его руководитель – выдающийся ученый, достигший успеха в этой области математики.

9. Он всегда ободряет и поддерживает своих учеников.

Follow-up activities

1. In pairs, discuss your current research results and conclusions.

2. Prepare a report describing your research findings and conclusions. Make use of the questions below if necessary.

- Have you obtained any research results yet?

- What are the main results of your current research?

- Has your research been successful?

- Have you succeeded in receiving extensive data?

- Do your research data agree with the theory you follow?

- Do your results coincide with those obtained by other researchers?

- Are your results of purely theoretical or practical value?

- Do your results appear to be both of theoretical and practical significance?

- Are your results (findings) sufficient to formulate the final conclusions?

- What part of your research remains still unfinished?

- Do the data/findings/results allow you to come to any definite conclusion?

- What conclusions have you reached (arrived at)?

- How long will it take you to complete your research?

3. Write an essay about your current research commenting on your findings and drawing conclusions.

UNIT 10

TAKING PART IN CONFERENCES

Pre-reading tasks

1. Have you ever attended a conference?

2. What is a conference, in your opinion?

3. How can conferences be classified?

4. How often are conferences held?

5. Why is it important for young scientists to participate in conferences?

6. What are the most prestigious conferences in your field of science in which you would like to take part?

Reading

Read the text given below and fulfill the tasks given in Comprehension check.

SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

A scientific conference is a meeting of scientists of a certain research field intended to bring them together to learn about recent developments, present new data to each other and discuss it critically, and to socialize and get to know new colleagues. Together with academic or scientific journals, conferences provide an important channel for exchanging information.

A significant advantage of presenting data at a conference in comparison to publishing it a journal is that feedback and critical evaluation can be given immediately. Nevertheless, all important results are generally published in paper form; most conferences result in the publication of a book of conference proceedings listing the abstracts of the research projects that were presented.

Regular participation in conferences is considered vital for scientists, and being an invited speaker at meetings is an important recognition of the influence of one’s work.

Scientific conferences fall into three categories:

– the themed conference, small conferences organized around a particular topic;

– the general conference, a conference with a wider focus, with sessions on a wide variety of topics. These conferences are often organized by regional, national, or international learned societies, and held annually or on some other regular basis;

– the professional conference, large conferences not limited to academics but with academically related issues.

Many conferences are yearly meetings of scientific societies, even though non-members from the same research area will also participate. The technical organization usually lies in the hands of the host institute which will change from year to year. Funding for conferences is raised from research funding agencies, from the host institute’s university, through sponsoring especially from companies hoping to advertise for lab equipment or textbooks, and through membership and conference participation fees.

Conferences last from two to seven days. They often start with an informal reception evening. The next day, some addresses of welcome are given, and the rest of the time consists entirely of talks interrupted only by coffee or lunch breaks and poster sessions. Very large meetings may have multiple parallel symposia, so that participants have to decide which talks they find more relevant or interesting. Nearly all meetings include an optional conference dinner sometimes in the middle which is specifically meant for socializing.

When scientists organize a conference they advertise it to their fellow scientists and encourage them to submit their ideas for presentation. Scientists from all around will submit to the conference organizers an abstract of the presentation they are proposing to give at the conference. An abstract is a short summary of the work that will be reported on in the presentation. Abstracts are usually 150-250 words in length. An abstract should contain a brief introductory sentence or two that gives some background about the work being reported on. It should then summarize the work that was done and give the major findings from the work.

The conference organizers use the abstracts to select scientists who will make reports to at the conference. Sometimes the organizers also choose what format the presentations will be in: oral or poster. Often scientists choose for themselves which they would rather do. When all the decisions are made the abstracts are published in a program for the conference. Scientists attending the conference read the abstracts to decide which presentations they would like to attend.

Researchers present their results in two different ways. The first is a talk of 10-25 minutes followed by 2-5 minutes of open questions from the audience and discussion. Invited keynote speakers may give talks up to 45 minutes followed by 15 minutes of discussion, usually one per subtopic.

The second possibility to contribute to a scientific meeting is by presenting posters at the so-called poster sessions. A poster session or poster presentation is the presentation of research information by an individual or representatives of research teams at a congress or conference with an academic or professional focus. The work is usually peer reviewed. Typically a separate room or area is reserved for the poster session where researchers accompany a paper poster, illustrating their research methods and outcomes. The poster session allows viewers to study one’s information and discuss it one on one. The number of posters is usually much less limited, but it is possible that only one contribution per first author is allowed.

Comprehension check

1. Choose the best ending a, b, or c.

A scientific conference is

a) a meeting of researchers at which they exchange their opinions on different problems.

b) a meeting of members of some learned society.

c) a gathering of scientists with the view of presenting and discussing new data.

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