It is of significance to start with

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a) a choice of a phenomenon to be researched.

b) a clear statement of what phenomenon is to be investigated.

c) the formulation of a hypothesis.

At the stage of creating preliminary hypotheses

a) one cannot limit the range of his creativity by dismissing anything as irrelevant.

b) one tries to find the most suitable explanation for the phenomenon chosen.

c) one has possibilities to reveal bad hypotheses.

While collecting additional information

a) we aim at narrowing our research problem.

b) we hope to broaden our investigation

c) we try to observe the phenomenon in its natural environment.

At the stage of formulating a final hypothesis

a) we return back to our original problem.

b) we are ready to explain in detail the phenomenon under study.

c) we concentrate on a specific hypothesis.

Any good hypothesis

a) can result in deducing further consequences.

b) is usually narrowly focused.

c) is based on thoroughly checked data.

If the results

a) of testing our hypothesis are wrong, we have to come up with another hypothesis.

b) of the experiment are in agreement with the hypothesis, we needn’t repeat our experiments.

c) of testing our hypothesis are correct, then this hypothesis is true.

2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a scientific method?

2. What characteristics must a method possess to be called scientific?

3. What does a scientific method consist in?

4. Are methods of obtaining knowledge similar or different?

5. What are peculiarities of scientific inquiry in comparison with other methods of obtaining knowledge?

6. What should any scientist begin his research with?

7. Is it easy or difficult to formulate a research problem?

8. Why does one invent several preliminary hypotheses?

9. Why should one collect additional information?

10. When is one ready to focus on a specific hypothesis?

11. Why is it important to consider additional consequences of one’s hypothesis?

12. What can happen while testing consequences of a hypothesis?

13. To what step does one have to return if his hypothesis turns out to be wrong?

14. What is the final step of the procedure described?

15. Why does one have to repeat this procedure as often as necessary?

3. Agree or disagree with the following sentences. Give arguments to support your viewpoint.

1. The scientific method is a number of techniques used for collecting information.

2. Not every method can be termed scientific.

3. A scientific method is aimed at gathering data by observation and experimentation.

4. Scientific methods differ from other methods of acquiring knowledge.

5. Researchers put forward their hypotheses to explain natural phenomena.

6. Repeated experiments are to be made to test hypotheses.

7. Theories are used as a source of new hypotheses.

8. The scientific method is a step-by-step procedure for conducting research.

9. When one applies the scientific method he has to follow some procedure that starts with the formulation of a hypothesis.

10. Formulating and testing a hypothesis usually take much time and effort.

11. If one’s hypothesis is correct, it means that it can be applied to the solution of a wide range of problems.

4. Arrange the sentences given below in the logical order to sum up the contents of the text given above.

1. Observing the phenomenon in its natural context from every angle is of great importance.

2. If our hypothesis is confirmed, it can be applied to the original problem for which it was developed.

3. Scientific method includes a number of techniques used for acquiring new knowledge and investigating phenomena.

4. The statement of the problem is rather difficult as one can sometimes become perplexed by issues that aren’t really to the point.

5. Now we are to focus on a particular hypothesis.

6. Scientific method is a step-by-step procedure for performing research.

7. Testing consequences of one’s hypothesis is checking whether he was wrong or right while formulating his final hypothesis.

8. Scientific inquiry should be distinguished from any other way of obtaining knowledge.

9. At this stage it’s important to consider all possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.

10. Any good hypothesis possesses great predictive power.

Vocabulary work

1. (A). Find in two columns words having the opposite meaning and match them.

(B). Choose appropriate words from the box and use them in suitable forms in the sentences to follow.

1. Tim is completely … and shows up for work every day without fail.

2. It is … to use so much fuel.

3. Advertising is shown to be a most … aid in selling goods and services of all kinds.

4. One must take care to be … in mathematics.

5. He … knowing anything about their plans.

6. I don’t … of her staying at their place.

7. These new glasses … your vision.

8. The rate of building nuclear and … stations may increase.

9. Lack of sleep … her concentration.

2. (A). Match words with similar meanings.

(B). Fill in the blanks using the proper words from the box above in suitable forms. (Sometimes more than one word can be used).

1. He is … in business.

2. You stepped on my toe on ….

3. She accused him of stealing her purse. But did she have any real …?

4. From her statement we … that you could not have been at the scene of the crime.

5. … is often used when it is impossible to carry out research in real life.

6. Before thinking about anything else your immediate … should be to complete your education.

7. Her … are in agreement with the hypothesis advanced.

8. The police … every possible suspect.

3. Choose from the box verbs that can be combined with the following nouns: method, data, assumption, shortcomings. Think of 3-4 sentences in which these expressions can be used.

4. (A). Use the following verbs to form adjectives.

To prove, to measure, to identify, to deduce, to consider, to use, to develop, to calculate, to analyze.

(B). Complete the sentences using some of the adjectives derived from the verbs mentioned above.

1. From the surface of Mars we could look into the … blackness of space.

2. The fingerprints of no two persons are ….

3. It was … of you not to watch TV while I was having a sleep.

4. He often used a … method while investigating a crime.

5. A car is … without petrol.

6. Einstein was a man of … accomplishments.

7. This is a formally … theorem.

8. Stop complaining and make yourself ….

9. He is the least … of men.

10. … investigations do not always help to solve problems.

11. She is a very … person.

5. Fill in the blanks using the words from the box.

1. This method … for various ….

2. The … were conducted using a new ….

3. The main experimental … are presented in table 1.

4. This procedure has ….

5. The … of this paper is to investigate properties of some alloys.

6. The … of this technique are summed up in conclusions.

7. This experiment is aimed at … our hypothesis.

8. The … obtained made it possible ….

9. They made a series of experiments that … them to get … data.

10. Recently a new experimental procedure has ….

6. Replace the word(s) in italics for the word(s) from the box. Use each word once only.

1. We are ready to apply our new explanation to the original problem for which it was worked out.

2. Now one can use the information gathered to devise a detailed explanation of the phenomenon under investigation.

3. Scientific method includes a number of techniques for examining phenomena.

4. Shortcomings in theories can be researched.

5. Research can be aimed at correcting faulty ideas.

6. What are the underlying suppositions of this area?

7. Scientists design experimental studies to verify their hypotheses.

8. He managed to measure these quantities precisely.

7. Fill in the crossword puzzle.

Down

1. (The regular) order of doing things, esp. legal or political.

2. Method of doing smth expertly; method of artistic expression in music, painting, etc.

3. Discovering, detecting.

4. Measuring.

5. Act of calculating; careful thought.

6. To prepare a plan, sketch, etc. (of smth to be made).

7. To get rid of what is coarse or vulgar; to cause to become more cultured, polished in manners.

8. Seeming likely to succeed, to have good results, etc; full of promise.

Across

9. Act of considering, thinking about.

10. To test the truth or accuracy of something.

11. Able to bring about the results intended; making a striking impression; actual or existing.

8. Translate into English.

1. Научный метод представляет собой ряд приемов или способов, используемых для изучения явлений и процессов и приобретения знаний.

2. Научный метод состоит в сборе данных посредством наблюдения и экспериментирования и в формулировке и проверке гипотез.

3. Научный метод отличается от других способов получения знаний.

4. Исследователи выдвигают гипотезы для объяснения явлений и проверяют их экспериментально.

5. Научный метод можно определить как последовательную процедуру проведения исследования.

6. Вначале очень важно определить, какое явление или процесс будет изучаться.

7. На первом этапе исследования обычно выдвигают несколько гипотез.

8. После тщательного изучения явления формулируется окончательная гипотеза, которая требует подтверждения.

9. Необходимо также рассмотреть дополнительные выводы (результаты), вытекающие из вашей гипотезы.

10. Если гипотеза подтверждается, это значит, что наше объяснение исходной проблемы верно.

Follow-up activities

1. In pairs, ask for and give information about your current research, namely its purpose and the methods employed.

2. Speak about reliability and efficiency of scientific method. Name its drawbacks if you can find any.

3. Write an essay about your current research describing its purpose and the methods employed.

Part B. CURRENT RESEARCH:

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The final part of any research consists in analyzing results obtained and drawing conclusions. There are a number of phrases one can make use of while reporting on results and concluding his research.

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