There exist a lot of regularities

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a) in accordance with which the world of nature develops.

b) that humanity has recognized since Homo sapiens as a species appeared.

c) that are mere constructs of the human mind.

Humans create regularities

a) even when none objectively exist.

b) to explain natural processes.

c) to establish relationships between phenomena.

True regularities

a) can be revealed by establishing relationships between phenomena.

b) can be found out by studying natural processes and phenomena.

c) must be formed by impartial study of findings.

Science and philosophy

a) are opposed to religion which is based on faith and moral sentiments.

b) have nothing in common.

c) deal with the phenomena of physical nature.

Fundamental science

a) studies basic objects, forces and relations between them and describes laws governing them.

b) is divided into hard sciences and soft sciences.

c) includes physical sciences and biology.

Physics

a) deals with the most general properties of matter.

b) is concerned with the structure and behaviour of atoms and their components.

c) is the study of matter, energy and motion.

There

a) is a clear-cut distinction between physics and chemistry.

b) are some natural phenomena that can be studied by both physics and chemistry.

c) exists close relationship between physics and chemistry.

2. Find the answers to the questions in the text.

1. What is science, in your opinion?

2. Why do regularities exist?

3. Why does mankind have to recognize these regularities?

4. Can you give an example of any regularity and explain how it acts?

5. How can one establish true regularities?

6. Why does genuine understanding of the world of nature demand explanations of causes of laws?

7. Why don’t all modern sciences search for causation?

8. What are the main parts of human knowledge?

9. What is the difference between science and philosophy?

10. What do the physical sciences study?

3. Prove or disprove the following sentences. Give arguments to support your viewpoint.

1. Science is knowledge of the world of nature.

2. Regularities existing in nature have been recognized by mankind since the first days of its existence.

3. People construct regularities as they can’t bear chaos.

4. To prevent premature generalization scientists must be optimists.

5. Modern science seeks for causation.

6. Scientists admit causation and explanation as a basis of genuine understanding of natural phenomena.

7. Knowledge obtained through experimentation, observation and study is called scientific.

8. Human knowledge is based on faith.

9. Modern science formulates general laws that govern natural phenomena.

10. The physical sciences are concerned with the phenomena of the inorganic world.

4. Arrange the jumbled sentences given below in the right order to sum up the problems described in the text “Science”.

1. Genuine understanding of natural phenomena requires explanations of laws causes.

2. Science and philosophy are opposed to religion.

3. Modern physics is a synthesis of several older disciplines: mechanics, optics, acoustics, electricity and some others.

4. Science is knowledge of the world of nature.

5. Science itself doesn’t come to the recognition of regularities.

6. Not all modern sciences search for causal relationships existing between natural phenomena and processes.

7. The boundary between physics and chemistry is somewhat arbitrary.

8. Mankind had to admit regularities existing in nature.

9. Astronomy studies the entire universe beyond the Earth.

10. All human knowledge can be divided into science, philosophy and religion.

11. Science can be defined as knowledge of natural processes.

12. The physical sciences are generally divided into four broad areas: physics, chemistry, astronomy and the Earth sciences.

Vocabulary work

1. A). Find antonyms

(B). Choose from the box appropriate words and use them in suitable forms in the sentences to follow.

1. They did not do enough to investigate … taking place over the past few years.

2. All our attempts ….

3. Overpopulation is a … problem.

4. In … I’d like to point out the advantages and drawbacks of the technique used.

5. The inventor was rewarded by the government for his scientific ….

6. I have given … thought to the matter.

7. They … all possible combinations.

8. A sense of delicacy … him from speaking his mind.

2. (A). Choose from two columns words having similar meanings.

(B). Fill in the blanks using the proper words from the box above in suitable forms.

1. He … being ignorant of the facts.

2. He … his house tastefully.

3. This theory is … from life.

4. He is always … about nothing.

5. A good … is half the battle.

6. This theory is not yet scientifically ….

7. One should … differences of opinion.

8. The result is far from…..

9. He … on the importance of taking a decision on this question.

10. Don’t … so soon, try again.

3. (A). Match the adjectives on the left with suitable nouns on the right to form word combinations. You can use the text above to fulfill the task.

(B). Use some of the word combinations from the previous exercise to complete the following sentences.

1. He failed to name the main branches of … ….

2. One shouldn’t make … ….

3. We can understand physiological and … … while studying different processes taking place in molecules, cells and organisms.

4. They studied … … of matter.

5. … … of data led to conclusive evidence of his hypothesis

6. We don’t consider it to be a … … of this effect.

7. The … between these two fields of physics is ….

4. (A). Name nouns that can be formed using the verbs given below. Some of the nouns are mentioned in the text “Science”. Form some more nouns if possible.

To recognize, to regulate, to exist, to fail, to cause, to permit, to speculate, to distinguish.

(B). Complete the sentences using some of the nouns derived from the verbs mentioned above.

1. He did not see any … between these phenomena.

2. She has altered beyond ….

3. Her … was impossible to verify.

4. The newspaper had a very short-lived ….

5. All his efforts ended in ….

6. The … of this disease is unknown.

7. It was done with his ….

8. People seek out … and rules in acquiring a language.

5. Fill in the blanks using the words from the box.

1. Science is systemized … derived through observation and experimentation.

2. There exist a lot of … in nature that have to be taken into consideration.

3. The definition of … as knowledge of natural processes is generally accepted.

4. People formulate regularities even when they do not … objectively.

5. True regularities must be established by … study of information.

6. To prevent … generalization one has to be skeptical.

7. … understanding of laws governing natural phenomena demand explanation of the … of these laws.

8. Physics deals with the most general … of matter,

6. Replace the word(s) in italics in each sentence with the word(s) from the box. Use each word once only.

1. Modern science investigates the phenomena of physical nature.

2. Theories establish connections between cause and effect.

3. Chemistry is concerned with the properties and reactions of molecules.

4. Physics, in its modern sense, was founded in the middle of the 19^th century.

5. Science has existed since the dawn of civilization.

6. Modern quantum mechanics rests only on mathematical description.

7. There is little agreement on kinds of causes that are permissible or possible in science.

8. Scientific theories simplify reality to permit us to understand basic forces and laws of nature and society.

9. Causation and explanation are admitted as necessary in science.

7. Fill in the crossword puzzle.

Down

1. Power of taking notice; collected and recorded information.

2. The search for knowledge, esp. the nature and meaning of existence; system of thought resulting from such a search for knowledge.

3. Statement of equality between two expressions by the sign =.

4. The whole universe and every created thing; force(s) controlling the phenomena of the physical world.

5. Person expert in one or more of the natural or physical sciences.

6. To know, (be able to) identify again (smb or smth) that one has seen, heard, etc before; to be prepared to admit; to be aware.

7. Concerned with speculation.

Across

8. (Process of) explaining; statement, fact, circumstances, etc that explains.

9. Statement of a rule, fact, etc esp. one in signs or numbers, as in mathematics; (chem.) expression in symbols of the constituent parts of a substance.

10. Evidence (in general), or a particular piece of evidence, that is sufficient to show, or helps to show, that smth is a fact.

11. Combination of separate parts, elements, substances, etc into a whole or into a system; that which results from this process.

8. Translate the sentences.

1. Слово наука происходит от латинского слова scientia.

2. Наука – это совокупность знаний, получаемых из экспериментов, наблюдений и исследований.

3. В природе существует много закономерностей, знание которых помогло выжить человечеству.

4. Человек создавал закономерности, даже если они не существовали объективно.

5. Закономерности могут быть выражены математически как законы природы.

6. Истинное понимание природных процессов и явлений требует установления причинно-следственных связей.

7. Наука не является единственной областью знания, накопленного человечеством.

8. Современная наука исследует процессы и явления, происходящие в природе, и формулирует общие законы.

9. Фундаментальная наука подразделяется на несколько областей.

10. Физические науки включают физику, химию, астрономию и науки о земле.

11. Помимо фундаментальной науки существуют гуманитарные науки: языкознание, литература, психология и т.д.

12. Для понимания природных процессов и явлений нужны особые теории, которые устанавливают причинно-следственные связи между явлениями и помогают объяснить их.

Follow-up activities

1. Interview your partner about the most significant achievements in his field of knowledge.

2. Think of a famous scientist and prepare a report about his life and contributions to science. Don’t give his/her name. Let your group-mates guess who you mean.

3. Prepare a report about further advances in science.

UNIT 2

TECHNOLOGY

Pre-reading tasks

1. The texts you are going to read are headlined “The history of technology” and “Social involvement in technological advances”. Think of as many questions as possible the answers to which you hope to find in these texts.

2. In pairs, ask and answer these questions.

3. Match the words given in bold type in the texts below with their definitions.

a. (of a plan, etc) to fail;

b. expert in, student of technology;

c. (thing) required as a condition for smth else;

d. to encircle, to surround; to envelop; to comprise;

e. process of opening out or developing;

f. innovating; instance of this; smth new that is introduced;

g. that reduces the amount of labour needed;

h. smth that stimulates;

i. to make changes; to introduce new things;

j. method, process, by which a result may be obtained;

k. instruments held in the hand(s) and used by workmen.

4. Form word combinations using a verb from the column A and a noun from the column B. Use each word once only. The texts below contain these word combinations.

Reading

Read the text “The history of technology” and fill in the blanks using appropriate words.

TEXT A

THE HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY

1) …. may be defined as the systematic 2) … of techniques for making 3) ….. The term itself, a 4) … of the Greek techne, “art, craft,” with logos, “word, speech,” meant in Greece a discourse on the arts, both fine and applied. When it first 5) … in English in the 17th century, it was used to mean a 6) … of the applied arts only, and gradually these “arts” themselves came to be the object of the designation. By the early 20th century, the term 7) … a growing range of means, processes, and ideas 8) … to tools and machines. By mid-century technology was defined as “the means or activity by which man 9) … to change or manipulate his environment.”

Essentially, 10) … are methods of 11) … new tools, and the 12) … for constructing tools is a 13) … characteristic of manlike species. Other species can also 14) … things: bees build 15) … hives to deposit their honey, birds make nests, and beavers build dams. But these attributes are patterns of instinctive behaviour and cannot vary to suit rapidly changing circumstances. Man, in contrast with other species, does not possess highly developed instinctive reactions but does have the capacity to think systematically and creatively about techniques. He can thus innovate and consciously modify his environment in a way no other species has achieved. By virtue of his nature as a toolmaker, man is therefore a technologist from the beginning, and the history of technology encompasses the whole evolution of man.

1. a) science b) technology c) physics d) mathematics

2. a) study b) examination c) consideration d) exploration

3. a) substances b) materials c) subjects d) things

4. a) combination b) mixing c) compound d) composite

5. a) turned up b) appeared c) showed up d) emerged

6. a) talks b) conversations c) dialogue d) discussion

7. a) enclosed b) embraced c) consisted d) clasped

8. a) as well as b) also c) in addition d) too

9. a) searches b) looks for c) aims at d) seeks

10. a) methods b) techniques c) means d) approaches

11. a) originating b) forming c) creating d) composing

12. a) ability b) volume c) capability d) capacity

13. a) convincing b) determining c) inconclusive d) tentative

14. a) manufacture b) make c) produce d) form

15. a) ornamented b) decorative c) elaborate d) careful

Read both texts and fulfill the tasks given in Comprehension check.

TEXT B

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