Unit 1. LOADING (Cargo handling operations) Part 2

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Unit 1. LOADING (Cargo handling operations) Part 2. 1

Dialogue. 4

Cleaning and ventilating cargo holds. 5

“Better safe than sorry”. 6

2.1 Stowage. 7

Notes:. 8

2.2 Dialogue (Stowage). 8

2.3 Dunnage. 9

Notes:. 10

2.4 Dialogue (Dunnage). 10

3.1 Discharging. 11

Letters. 13

Letters. 14

Bill of Lading. 17

Bill of Lading (document) Part 1 (continued). 19

VOCABULARY.. 19

EXPLANATORY NOTES. 22

Answer the questions about B/L (document). 24

Bill of lading. Part 2. 25

Bill of Lading (document) Part 2. Vocabulary and explanatory notes. 27

Unit 1. LOADING (Cargo handling operations) Part 2

Introduction

Merchant sea ports are responsible for cargo handling operations. To perform these operations sea ports have water areas and land territories; warehouses and open storage facilities; such production units as repair, maintenance, rigging shops. The main production units are cargo handling complexes where all cargo handling operations (loading/unloading, warehousing, securing the cargo, stowage and storage of the goods) are carried out. Each cargo handling complex comprises terminals, traffic control service, an adequate personnel. For handling different types of cargoes ports are supplied with appropriate cargo handling equipment and facilities. Gantry and floating cranes, fork-lift trucks, conveyers, straddle carriers, side loaders and sophisticated general purpose machines which facilitate lifting, conveying, stacking, turning, shifting and rotating loads are available for performing cargo handling proses.

1.1 Loading

Before the commencement of loading the ship all necessary preparations should be made both in the port and on board the ship to be loaded. First of all, the Cargo Plan must be drawn up. This document is made up by the Cargo Officer or the Agent, and should always be approved (agreed upon) by the Shipmaster prior to loading. The first and foremost thing that must be taken into consideration in planning the stowage of goods in the ship’s cargo spaces is the ship's safety in voyage, that is her stability and seaworthiness irrespective of any state of sea and weather she may encounter.

The Chief Stevedore ashore and the Cargo Officer aboard are in charge of loading the ship.

Before loading the Chief Stevedore secures the necessary number of stevedore gangs, obtains cargo handling facilities and supplies the tackles which the stevedores need. Different kinds of cargo require different equipment and appliances. So, for loading cases steel slings, nets and pallets are necessary; bags require nets and canvas slings; heavy lifts are loaded with heavy duty derricks (“jumbo” derricks), the lifting capacity of which is over 5 tons, or with ship’s or gantry cranes; for loading flowing cargoes elevators and grabs are used: for loading containers there are gantry cranes and container bridges having container claws; for loading RO-RO vessels various sorts of vehicles such as autotrucks, fork-lift trucks, trailers and others) are used; as to tankers, they are loaded with the help of pipelines or hoses.

The Chief Stevedore also supervises the correct tonnage allotment for the holds. In the prosses of loading the Chief Stevedore checks up if cargoes are properly stowed and trimmed, for proper stowage of cargo ensures the stability of the ship loaded. It is also his duty to see that the cargo should be properly secured from shifting.

On board the ship the Cargo Officer sees to that all necessary preparations for loading should be made. Under his supervision the crewmen clear the hatches. They roll back the tarpaulins from the hatches, remove hatch-covers, remove beams. The crewmen also get ready the ship's winches, derricks and cranes, if any.

The Cargo Officer must give instructions about proper stowage of goods in the ship’s cargo compartments and spaces as well as their lashing and securing from shifting to foremen and stevedores. He also takes measures for preventing any damage to the cargo or to the vessel through negligent handling, arranges careful tally of the goods taken on board, etc.

For each shipment of cargo actually received on board the Cargo Officer draws up a Mate’s Receipt on which, in case of short-shipment or damaged condition of goods or defects in their packing, he should add appropriate remarks or clauses to protect the vessel against claims for loss or damage.

After completion of loading the Shipmaster signs a receipt for the goods taken aboard. Such receipt is called a Bill of Lading and it in fact the most important shipping document.

As you know improper stowage of goods and their lashing; incompetence of a crane operator or stevedores may lead to producing cargo claims. Here some letters related to damage to the cargo during ineffective or negligent loading.

Damaged cargo, request to replace

This is to inform you that today, on ,,, 20... during the loading of cargo of vegetable oil under B/L 156 into Hold 2 damage was caused to 4 barrels due to negligent work of the crane operator who struck the pallet with the barrels against the coaming of the hatch square while lowering the draft into the hold. The barrels are badly dented and leaking.

I kindly ask you to replace the damaged barrels before completion of loading.

Damage to cargo by fire while loading

This is to bring to your notice that on ... in the course of loading liquid bulk containers with benzol on deck of Hold 5 of my vessel, a fire broke out at about 1 p,m. and one container was damaged.

The fire was undoubtedly caused by your stevedores’ smoking, though they had been repeatedly warned not to smoke during loading.

Improper lashing of deck containers

I regret to inform you that lashing cargo by the stevedores at our two last calls at your port was carried out negligently.

The bridge fittings and lashing rods were not properly tightened and mostly only assembled together owing to which the crew had to tighten up the lashing on both occasions. Usually dockers leave the vessel on completion of cargo operations leaving the lashing equipment lying about everywhere and without approval of the Ship's Cargo Officer.

In view of the above | kindly ask you to take action and instruct the stevedores to report completion of their work to the ship's Cargo Officer and not to leave without his approval which should be formally witnessed by his signature. Otherwise, the ship will not leave the port until the cargo is properly lashed and secured. In this case we shall hold the Stevedoring Company fully responsible for all extra expenses and losses caused by such a delay of the ship.

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