kārpaṇyam uta bandhanam

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seyaṁ bhagavato māyā

yan nayena virudhyate

īśvarasya vimuktasya

kārpaṇyam uta bandhanam

Maitreya said: This māyā which cannot be understood by logic, belonging to the Supreme Lord but not his svarūpa, is the cause of deprivation and ignorance for the jīva who has the possibility of realizing the form, knowledge and bliss of the Lord.

This is māyā which belongs to the Lord with inconceivable powers (bhagavataḥ), and which cannot be known by logic (nayena). This energy, being acit by nature, belongs to the Lord who is purely spiritual or cit. The guṇas such as sattva also belong to the Lord. But Bhagavān, in his svarūpa, is without these guṇas. Similarly the sun, though pure light, possesses clouds, darkness and snow, which are unfavorable to the light or fire.

yathaiva sūryāt prabhavanti vāraḥ

punaś ca tasmin praviśanti kāle

bhūtāni bhūmau sthira-jaṅgamāni

tathā harāv eva guṇa-pravāhaḥ

Just as water arises from the sun and enters the sun, and just as animals and plants arise from the earth and enter the earth, the world made of guṇas arises from the Lord and enters him. SB 4.31.15

yathā nabhasy abhra-tamaḥ-prakāśā

bhavanti bhūpā na bhavanty anukramāt

evaṁ pare brahmaṇi śaktayas tv amū

rajas tamaḥ sattvam iti pravāhaḥ

O King! Just as clouds, darkness and light appear and disappear in the sky in succession, the energies of rajas, tamas and sattva appear and disappear in the Supreme Lord. SB 4.31.17

taṁ kleśa-karma-paripāka-guṇa-pravāhair

avyāhatānubhavam īśvaram advitīyam

prāṇādibhiḥ sva-vibhavair upagūḍham anyo

manyeta sūryam iva megha-himoparāgaiḥ

But although the consciousness of the Lord, who is the supreme one without a second, is never affected by material distress, by the reactions of material work or by the constant flow of nature’s modes, ordinary persons nonetheless think that the Lord is covered by his own creations of prāṇa and other material elements, just as one may think that the sun is covered by clouds, snow or an eclipse. SB 10.84.33

These verses show that this is beyond logic. Thus, the action of creating the universe takes place by māyā, an energy of the Lord, whereas the Lord is without change in his svarūpa. Because of non-difference between the possessor of the śakti and the śakti, it can be said that the Lord creates the universe.

prakṛtir yasyopādānam ādhāraḥ puruṣaḥ paraḥ

sato ’bhivyañjakaḥ kālo brahma tat tritayaṁ tv aham

Prakrṭi is the material cause, the puruṣa is the foundational cause. Time, the indirect cause, is agitator of prakṛti. I am all three. SB 11.24.19

Thus the doubt concerning the Lord has been resolved. The second line and the next verse resolve the doubt concerning the jīva. Though the jīva has the capacity (īṣvarasya) for realizing his form of knowledge and bliss, and thus can be called free of contamination (vimuktasya), he is in a condition of deprivation (kārpaṇyam) or durbhagatvam. Thus the jīva is in a state of bondage. This is because of māyā, which here means avidyā or ignorance, a function of māyā. These two, ignorance and bondage are mentioned as the cause.

The meaning is this. You have asked how the jīva loses knowledge because of māyā. If it is true that there is actual destruction of knowledge by māyā, then māyā, the Lord’s energy, should be punished by the Lord. But this is not the case. One may forget that one has a jewel locket hanging over one’s chest, and lament that one has lost the jewel. Or perhaps it is like this: I get accused of theft by mistake, though it is not my fault and get punished by the state officials. Because of jīva’s association with beginningless ignorance, the jīva forgets his knowledge and bliss, identifies with the body and the body’s qualities, and thus becomes durbhagatvam. If he suffers, whose fault is that? Losing his powers by the association of ignorance, he wanders around, like a man with a bad wife. Because the jīva has possibility of some small amount of power he is called īśvara in the verse.

Others explain the verse as follows.  Verse 5 refers to the Paramātmā, a form of pure consciousness, whose knowledge is unaffected by place and time. Why does he associate with ignorance? If this is the question, the answer is also found in this verse. This māyā is only the bewildering potency of the Lord. If it did not have the power to bewilder, there would be no question asked (since no one would be bewildered). This is because (yat) it is contrary by its behavior (nītyā virudhayte). The contrary conduct is explained. There is a mistake (kārpaṇyam) in thinking that the Paramātmā is bewildered, that he is a jīva. The one Paramātmā of pure consciousness cannot be bewildered by māyā, but the jīva always is. It is proper to say that Paramātmā is never bewildered. And who can be simultaneously bewildered and unbewildered by his own māyā? Whoever asks such questions or concludes this by extreme imagination is bewildered by māyā.

The paramātmā and jīvātmā are like the sun and the sun’s ray, which have the same qualities, but are also different. One is conscious and the other is a conscious particle. This is the correct conclusion. Reflection and light rays arise from the sun and are particles similar to the sun, They are not distinguished from the sun and are also distinguished from the sun.  Similarly though māyā-śakti and jīva-śakti arise from the Lord, and without beginning are not separate from the Lord, by svarūpa they are different from the Lord.

puṁso ’sti prakṛtir nityā praticchāyaiva bhāsvate

Prakṛti of the Lord is eternal, and shines as a reflection of the Lord. From a text of Āyurveda

Jīva-śakti is described in the śruti:

yathāgneḥ kṣudrā visphuliṅgā vyuccarantīty evam evātmanaḥ

Just as a small spark from the fire wanders about, the jīva also wanders. Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 2.2.20

Gītā also says:

apareyam itastvanyāṁ prakṛtiṁ viddhi me parām.

jīvabhūtāṁ mahāvāho yayedaṁ dhāryyate jagad

This is my inferior energy. Understand my superior energy which is different from this inferior energy. It is the jīvas, by whom the inferior energy is employed for their enjoyment. BG 7.5

|| 3.7.10 ||

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