Listen and read the encyclopedia entry again. What is the difference between a single-whip and a runner?

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2 frame / luff

A A ______________ forms the exterior of a block.

В A _____________ always has an odd number of sheaves.

3 single-whip / runner

A A _____________ uses a moveable block and a single sheave.

В A _____________ uses a standing block and a single sheave.

5. Listen and read the encyclopedia entry again. What is the difference between a single-whip and a runner?

Listening

6. Listen to a conversation between two seamen. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).

1 __ The man asks for help rigging a tackle.

2 __ The woman suggests the man talk to the captain.

3 __ The man is more familiar with moveable blocks.

7. Listen again and complete the conversation.

Seaman 1: Seaman Lawson, will you help me with something?

Seaman 2: Of course. What do you need? Seaman 1: I'm 1 ___________ how to rig the tackle for this cargo.

Seaman 2: How heavy is it?

Seaman 1: It's a fairly 2 ___________ __________.

Seaman 2: 3 ________ ________ _______, you will probably want to use either a single-whip or a runner.

Seaman 1: Why is that?

Seaman 2: Both 4 __________ _________ are good for light loads. They only use a single block and sheave.

Seaman 1: How do I decide 5 ______ _________to use?

Seaman 2: Well, a single-whip uses a standing block. And a runner uses a moveable block. 6 ______ __________ you work with whichever rigging you are more familiar with.

Speaking

8. With a partner, act out the roles below based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.

USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

Will you ...?

I’m trying to ...

In that case ...

Student A: You are a seaman. Talk to Student В about:

· asking for help

· working with a particular type of tackle

· other techniques you would like to learn

Student B: You are a seaman. Talk to Student A about working with a particular type of tackle

Writing

9. Use the encyclopedia entry and the conversation from Task 8 to write a progress report. Include: a description of a seaman's progress in working with different types of tackle, what he or she is doing well, and what needs improvement.

Dear Editor,

I am writing in response to an article published in last week's paper. "Aquaculture is Risky Business" points out the environmental risks of aquaculture. However, the writer does not fully explore the advantages of aquaculture. In my opinion, those benefits outweigh the risks the author mentions.

More and more people are integrating seafood into their diets. This means that demand for marine and freshwater fish is increasing. To keep up with this demand, aquaculture is key. Offshore or open-ocean cage systems farm tuna and salmon that are shipped to tables all over the world. Coastal enclosure systems are central to the economies of many villages and towns. Of course, there are environmental risks to aquaculture. But we should work to improve aquaculture rather than restricting it.

The author of last week's article mentions that farmed fish may interbreed with wild fish and spread disease. This is certainly a risk. And that is why I advocate investing in aquaculture research. More reliable submersible pens could prevent these problems. In addition, developing better pondsystem aquaculture would allow us to keep farmed fish completely separate from wild fish.

Finally, investment in aquaculture research could improve existing recirculating systems and flow-through systems. These systems are relatively environmentally safe but currently expensive.

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