The cooperative principle . Grice's

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13.The Speech act theory. locutionary, illocutionary Theory To understand how speech acts work it is necessary to look at the components an utterance consists of - namely locution, illocution and perlocution. The locution is the physical act of speaking. That means that the speaker co. Illocution When making an utterance the speaker always has an intention behind it. mposes a sentences in a specific context. Direct Speech Act An utterance is seen as a direct sp act when there is a direct relationship between the str and the communicative func of the utterance.. Indirect SP Act Searle stated that an indirect speech is one that is "performed by means of another" . Indirect Sp Act Searle stated that an indirect speech is one that is "performed by means of another".

14.The cooperative principle . Grice's

maxims of politeness, n social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how effective communication in conversation is achieved in common social situations, that is, how listeners and speakers must act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way. The cooperative principle can be divided into four maxims, called the Grecian maxims, describing specific rational principles observed by people who obey the cooperative principle; these principles enable effective communication. Grice proposed four conversational maxims that arise from the pragmatics of natural language. Applying the Grecian maxims is a way to explain the link between utterances and what is understood from them.

15.The politeness principle proposed by

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