Exercise 8. Grammar. Tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

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A

B

C

D

1.

shrink

close

cover

remove

2.

development

develop

developed

developing

3.

suppression

suppress

supressed

suppressing

4.

ageing

agism

maturation

death

5.

inflammasome

inflammation

inflammatory

inflamed

6.

man

men

male

masculine

7.

nevertheless

whereas

however

on the other hand

8.

conclusion

hypotheses

data

finding

9.

mutating

mutants

mutation

mutated

10.

severe

acute

chronic

congenital

11.

suggest

argue

conclude

claim

12.

development

developmental

developed

developing

13.

for

on

to

with

14.

mutating

mutants

mutations

mutated

15.

amount

number

ratio

majority

1. Drought tolerance generally involves enhanced capacity to maintain cellular and physiological functions, including growth, when the plant __________ (to experience) drought stress.

2. Though many molecular responses to abiotic and biotic stress __________ (to examine) in model systems, linking these responses to ecological specialization and local adaptation is challenging.

3. Although we __________ (to observe) 20% fewer microglia in mutant hindbrains than in control hindbrains, this is not likely to have contributed to the vascular defect, because even a 50% microglia reduction in Csf1op/+  mutants __________ (to reduce, negative) subventricular vascular plexus complexity. Together, these findings __________ (to suggest) that Hoxa cluster genes __________ (to promote) the formation of erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived brain Endothelial cells, which in turn support normal brain vascular development.

4. T regulatory cells __________ (to suppress) adaptive immunity and __________ (to show) to ameliorate hypertension and consequent target organ damage.

5. Hypoxia-induced accumulation of extracellular adenosine __________ (to trigger) immune suppression through the A2 adenosine receptor (A2AR).

6. By 2030, altered temperature and rainfall patterns ___________ (to predict) to reduce overwintering forest areas in Mexico by 69% and could completely eliminate the oyamel fir ecosystem by the end of the century. Climate change may also influence the severity of winter storms that __________ (to cause) substantial mortality to butterflies and fir trees during monarch overwintering in Mexico. In addition to having impacts on overwintering resources, climate change also ___________ (to affect) other plant resources of monarchs.

7. Maximum entropy species distribution models ___________ (to predict) that monarch summer-breeding areas __________ (to become) less suitable for both milkweeds and monarchs under a climate change scenario. Thus, monarchs __________ (to expand) their range northward while they migrate across less suitable habitats.

8. Meiotic recombination ___________ (to differ) between males and females; however, when and how these differences ___________ (to establish) is unknown.

9. Many studies __________ (to show) that, in allopolyploids, one genome becomes dominant over the other (reviewed in Edger et al. 2018). This pattern __________ (to observe) both in terms of gene losses (the biased fractionation just mentioned) and changes in expression.

10. Two subcortical regions that are important for aggression are the ventrolateral subnucleus of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) and the lateral septum (LS), which contains exclusively GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid producing) inhibitory neurons. Whereas excitation of VMHvl __________ (to trigger) aggression, inhibitory input to VMHvl from LS __________ (to suppress) aggression.

11. For results that __________ (to reach) statistical significance of P ≤ 5 × 10−8 after final meta­analysis, and that had consistent direction of effect between discovery and replication stages, we ___________ (to establish) three tiers of evidence, which are annotated in results tables.

12. This conclusion was predicted by quantitative modeling (and subsequently __________ (to confirm) with experimental work).

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