Exercise 6. Read the texts which describe population dynamics in various ecosystems. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the box.

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Exercise 6. Read the texts which describe population dynamics in various ecosystems. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the box.

peaked      reached      decreased by      rates     fluctuated

increased from     increase     decline

Text A. Fishing Peaks and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Accumulate

The period since about 1950 is one of accelerating GHG accumulations and asymptotic landings by capture fisheries. (1) __________ of emission and accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere and ocean continue to (2) __________ (IPCC 2013). pCO2 in the atmosphere has (3) __________ a preindustrial concentration of 280 ppm to more than 400 ppm (Keeling 2016). Seawater pH has (4) __________ 0.11 units, equivalent to a 30% increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions (IPCC 2013). Simultaneously, the annual global fisheries catch (5) __________ a maximum of 130 MT in the mid-1990s and has since (6) __________ around 110 MT (Pauly & Zeller 2016). All major stocks of anchovy and sardine have been fully exploited (Herrick et al. 2009). The fisheries off Japan, the west coast of North America, Peru, South Africa, and Northwest Africa have varied on a scale of 50–80 years, with (7) __________ followed by recovery (Barange et al. 2009a). However, the sardine fishery off Namibia, which (8) __________ in 1993, has not recovered (Boyer & Hampton 2001, Kirchner et al. 2009). (Checkley, D. M., Asch, R. G., & Rykaczewski, R. R. (2017). Climate, Anchovy, and Sardine. Annual Review of Marine Science, 9(1), 469–493. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-033819)

average       steady growth     increase      negative

rates        per capita     rate

Text B.

The immense biodiversity of the tropics exists in the context of rapid demographic and economic growth. The human population is growing at a faster (1) __________ in the tropics than elsewhere, and by 2050 half of the world’s population will live in the tropics. These demographic changes are accompanied by a (2) __________ in gross domestic product (GDP) that is linked in part to the rapid expansion of agricultural and extractive industries. However, in the tropics, (3) __________ GDP—which is an important measure of human well-being—remains far lower than the non-tropical (4) __________ and the (5) __________ of change suggest that there has been little closing of the global inequality gap. Although the relationship between development and natural resource conservation does not have to be (6) __________, measures that reflect higher social performance are almost always associated with higher resource use. A larger and more affluent tropical population will (7) __________ demands for timber, water, food, energy and land, all of which are strongly linked with environmental degradation. (Barlow, J., França, F., Gardner, T. A., Hicks, C. C., Lennox, G. D., Berenguer, E., … Graham, N. A. J. (2018). The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems. Nature, 559(7715), 517–526.doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0301-1)

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