Exercise 1. Word formation. Complete the columns of the table putting the words in the correct form.

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Unit 1. Demography

Exercise 1. Word formation. Complete the columns of the table putting the words in the correct form.

Verb

Noun

Adjective

mutation

to apply

competition

measurable

to add

activity

(un)predictable

to adapt

treatment

(in)fertile

to develop

difference

(in)definite

to protect

behaviour

Exercise 2. Word formation. Complete the sentences using the words from the table in Exercise 1 in the correct form.

1. Studying somatic __________ provides insight into the mechanisms underlying human brain development and neurodevelopmental diseases and has important implications for diagnosis and __________.

2. Beyond its effects on prey fitness, fear of predators can also regulate prey populations. For example, pea aphid populations declined by nearly 50% in the presence of a parasitoid wasp, because escape __________ (i.e., dropping from plants) reduced feeding opportunities. /…/ In addition to affecting __________ traits, parasite avoidance might also shape physical traits.

3. The potent in vitro __________ of G0775 in the presence of 50% serum or 1% lung surfactant suggested that this antibiotic could be used to __________ serious systemic and pulmonary infections.

4. The immunomodulating capacity of kefiran, produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, has been demonstrated by oral administration to mice followed by __________ of immunoglobulin (Ig) and cytokine levels over a number of days.

5. Pollen in hundreds of thousands of flowering plant species continues to evolve unique morphological and physiological __________.

6. Today, wildlife __________ with cattle for grass, generating a conflict both in unprotected areas where aspirations to increase cattle grazing are restricted by __________ with wildlife and in protected areas when cattle are moved into the park to compensate.

7. Neutralization, measured in vitro as the ability of an antibody to prevent viral entry into target cells without a requirement for involvement of any other agents, is an __________ against free virions that has been most correlated with __________ in vivo.

8. Even without external environmental change, all populations are susceptible to genetic degradation owing to deleterious __________.

9. Metformin is another antidiabetic agent that has received broad attention for its __________ in obesity-associated cancer.

10. One unresolved question is whether the nanoparticle itself or the ions are being transported within the plant. __________ work is needed to optimize potential treatment platforms.

11. CD8+ T cells probably have a ___________ activity against Zika virus.

12. Here, we __________ three structural methods, X-ray diffraction, MicroED, and single-particle cryo-EM, to determine three __________ assemblies of a segment in RRM2 of TDP-43.

13. Using field __________ and models, the authors examined food web structure and function, including new production and particulate organic carbon (POC) export, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada). They found that POC export fluxes did not __________ between spring bloom and nonbloom conditions, even though the structure of the food web was significantly __________ between these seasons.

14. In medicine, bacterial mechanosensors represent attractive targets for antimicrobials with broad spectrum __________.

15. It is hoped that this will lead to more successful drug development, and potentially to more efficient and personalized __________.

16. As applied to phytoplankton size, the terms small and large have varying __________ depending on the literature source. In most cases, the distinction is defined operationally by the pore size of the filter being used to fractionate a sample.

17. Approximately 50% of the E protein is conserved among Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) virus strains. Although conserved regions could be targeted by broadly reactive __________ antibodies, this feature complicates the __________ of virus-specific diagnostics, and raises the prospect of adverse immune reactions in individuals exposed sequentially to ZIKV and DEN. Two lineages of ZIKV (African and Asian) __________ from each other by approximately 10% at the nucleotide level.

18. Intracerebroventricular or intranasal ____________ of insulin decreases body weight and food intake in rats, mice, and primates, including humans.

19. Today techniques that __________ hormones and their metabolites have been developed and validated for a variety of biological sample types (e.g., urine, feces, saliva, hair, and feathers).

20. Most bacteria grow on and __________ to various surfaces and __________ mechanically complex communities (e.g., biofilms). /…/ In medicine, the __________ of biofilms on surgical tools and implants represents a serious issue, as does their __________ in pathological settings such as in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis.

21. Pollen __________ is highly susceptible to elevated temperatures across plant species. Some plants begin to produce infertile pollen grains at temperatures as low as 30°C during the day or 20°C at night. In __________, elevated temperatures have profound impacts on the __________ of seeds postfertilization.

22. Experimental studies of plant RNA viruses have shown that high virulence does not necessarily impede host __________ and, in the case of malaria, higher virulence was shown to provide the Plasmodium parasites with a __________ advantage within hosts.

23. The recognition of distinct molecular subtypes in breast and prostate cancer led to trials that established multigene clinical tests that __________ patient risk and inform therapeutic decision-making.

24. Understanding the cellular mechanisms that underlie resistance to M. tuberculosis infection may reveal immune correlates of __________ that could be utilized for improved diagnostics, vaccine __________ and novel host-directed therapeutic strategies.

25. All sciences rely on models to generate hypotheses and testable __________ .

26. There is also no __________ distinction between pericytes and smooth muscle cells within the microvasculature that provide tone and integrity to endothelial cells.

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