General Classification of the Parts of Speech

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General Classification of the Parts of Speech

According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions, words fall under certain ciasses called parts of speech.

We distinguish between notional and structural parts of speech. The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentence: the functions of subject, predicate, attribute, object, or adverbial modi­fier.

The notional parts of speech are:

4. the noun;

5. the adjective;

6. the pronoun;

7. the numeral;

8. the verb;                                   

9. the adverb;

10. the words of the category of state;

11. the modal words;

12. the inteijection.

The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any independent function in the sentence. Here belong:

1. the preposition;

2. the conjunction;

3. the particle;

4. the article.

Chapter I

THE NOUN

§ 1. The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word.

In the concept of substance we include not only names of living be­ings (e. g. boy, girl, bird) and lifeless things (e. g. table, chair; book), but also names of abstract notions, i. e. qualities, states, actions (kindness, strength, sleep, fear, conversation, fight), abstracted from their bearers.

§ 2. The noun has the followingmorphological characteristics:

1. Nouns that can be counted havetwo numbers: singular and plural (e. g. singular: a girl, plural: girls).

2. Nouns denoting living beings (and some nouns denoting lifeless things) havetwo case forms: the common case and the genitive case.

It is doubtful whether the grammatical category ofgender exists in Modern English for it is hardly ever expressed by means of grammatical forms.

There is practically only one gender-forming suffix in Modern Eng­lish, the suffix -ess, expressing feminine gender. It is not widely used.

heir — heir-ess

poet — poet-ess

actor — actr-ess

waiter — waitr-ess

host — host-ess

lion — lion-ess

tiger — tigr-ess^;

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