negative form: dare not / daren’t

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SHALL

no contracted affirmative form

negative form: shall not/ shan’t

We use shall

1. in offers (in interrogative sentences with the 1^st person singular):

A:  Shall I switch on the lights? (= Do you want me to switch on the lights?)

B: Yes, do (please)/ Oh no, thank you.

2. in suggestions (in interrogative sentences with the 1^st person plural)

A : Shall we have some more coffee?

B.: Yes, let’s/ No, I’d rather not.

3.asking for instruction:

 I’ve got no money. What shall I do? (= What do you suggest I should do?)

Who shall answer the telephone?

4.in directivesbut this use is very formal and rare:

‘You shall be punished,’ said Mrs Marline. ‘You shall go to your room and stay there without a light when it is dark.’

DARE

past form: dared, dared not

can be used as a defective verb:

You daren’t tell him the truth.

How dare she read my diary!

as a regular verb:

He didn’t dare to meet his uncle.

Do you dare to tell him?

as a partly defective verb (followed by bare infinitives):

He didn’t dare lie to his father.

Do you dare tell him?

We use dare:

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