negative form: will not / won’t

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HAVE TO

is not defective. It has all analytical forms and verbals:

Having to work alone, he wanted all his time for his research.

Why do I have to do everything by myself?

He didn’t have to work alone. Everybody was ready to give him a helping hand.

We use have to

1. to express obligation or necessity due to circumstances:

She has to wear glasses for reading (= It’s necessary to her to wear glasses because without glasses she can’t read. She’s short-sighted).

Note 1. have got to do is used to talk about a specific occasion:

I’ve got to hurry up. Mary is waiting for me.

Compare with must (see Must 3):

She must wear glasses (I personally think so. Otherwise she might ruin her eyesight completely).

2. to express absence of necessity (in negative sentences) (= Need 1):

Jill used to wear glasses. But after the operation she doesn’t have to (OR doesn’t need to) wear glasses any longer.

John watered the flowers. That’s why Jane didn’t have to (OR didn’t need to) do it.

Compare with needn’t do (see Need 2):

You needn’t go there. I’ll manage everything without your help (the speaker gives authority for the non-performance of the action)

You don’t have to go to school today. It’s Sunday (the absence of necessity is based on external circumstances).

Compare didn’t have to  and needn’t have done (see Need 1. Note 1):

Jane was going to water the flowers but suddenly it started to rain. That’s why she didn’t have to water the flowers.

Jane needn’t have watered the flowers because it started to rain soon after (Jane watered the flowers but it was a waste of time and effort).

BE TO

is not defective

We use be to:

1. to express obligation resulting from a previously arranged plan or agreement (in affirmative and interrogative sentences). It may express the idea that someone else demands it:

Who was to speak at the meeting?

I am to be at the airport at 9.00. (My boss has told me to go there, so I can’t avoid it.)

Note 1. was/ were to have done means that the plan was not fulfilled or the arrangement was broken:

We were to have met him at the station but came late. He had already gone away by taxi.

Compare with was/ were to do:

We were to meet him at the station. (It’s not clear whether we met him or not).

Compare with must, have to (see Must 3, Have to 1):

must do smth.

obligation from the speaker’s point of view:

We must wait for them, I think (= I personally think it’s necessary).

have to do smth.

obligation imposed by circumstances:

We had to wait for them at the entrance as they had the tickets. (We couldn’t enter without them)

be to do smth.

obligation resulting from an arrangement:

We are to wait for them at the entrance (We’ve agreed to meet there/ we’ve been told to do it.).

2. in orders or instructions (often official) to express an arrangement made by one person for another:

This door is to remain locked at all times (=must: a notice on a door).

You are to go straight to your room (= Ты иди в свою комнату: a parent is scolding a child).

3. to talk about something that is thought of as unavoidable, destined to happen:

He didn’t know at that time that he was never to see his native place again (= …было не суждено…).

4. to express possibility (Also see Can 2, May 3) when it is

a. followed by passive infinitives:

Where is he to be found? (= А где его можно найти?).

Nothing was to be done under the circumstances.

b. followed by active infinitives in questions with How?:

How am I to know that you are telling the truth? (= Откуда мне знать (есть ли вероятность того), что Вы говорите правду?)

5. in emotional questions:

What am I to do? (= Что мне делать, Как мне быть?)

What’s to become of me? (= Что со мной будет?)

Where am I to go? (= Куда же мне идти?)

SHOULD/OUGHT TO

negative form: should not/ shouldn’t; ought not to / oughtn’t to

should is a completely defective verb

ought to is partly defective, it is followed by the Infinitive with the particle ‘to’

We use should, ought to

1. to give advice. Should is more common, ought to - a little more emphatic as it emphasizes moral obligation or duty:

It’s late. You should go to bed. (=It would be a good thing to do).

Tom shouldn’t drive. He’s too tired. (= I don’t think it’s a right thing for him to do).

Should I talk to him? (Do you think it is a right thing to do?).

You oughtn’t to tell lies. (It’s immoral to tell lies).

Note 1. Should is not as strong as must(see Must 5):

Compare:

You should stop smoking (It would be a good thing to do).

You must stop smoking (It’s necessary that you stop smoking. I insist on it).

   Note 2.Should is different from had better. ‘d better do is used to give advice about what should be done in the future in order to avoid some bad consequence:

You’d better stop smoking now. (Otherwise something bad might happen, for ex. we’ll be driven out of here).

2. to express criticism(followed by different infinitive forms):

a. to say that something is not right or not what we expected, that someone is doing the wrong thing:

Those children shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) be playing. They should be at school.

That motor-cyclist should be wearing a crash helmet.

b. to say that someone did the wrong thing. The modal is followed by perfect infinitives:

should have done, ought to have done indicate that a desirable action was not carried out;

should not have done, ought not to have done indicate that an undesirable action was carried out.

The party was great last night. You should’ve come. Why didn’t you?

She oughtn’t to have listened to our conversation. It was private.

3. to express probability, usually with the reference to the future; to say that something will probably happen, esp. of something the speaker wants (compare with Must 1):

She’s been studying hard. She should (ought to) pass her examination.

4. to say that something is naturally expected:

If it’s a story by Twain it should (ought to) be amusing.

5. to ask for or give opinion:

I don’t think you should (ought to) work so hard.

6. to sound emotional. Only should is used for this purpose:

Why should I do it? = С какой стати мне это делать?

How should I know? = Почем мне знать?

Why shouldn’t I have done that? = А почему бы мне было это не сделать?

I don’t know why he should want to see him. = Я не знаю, с какой стати он хочет его видеть.

The door opened and who should come in but Tom. = Дверь открылась, и кто бы вы думали (по-вашему) вошел? Никто иной как Том.

7. Should can be used in subordinate clauses after ‘suggest, propose, recommend, insist, demand, etc.’:

What do you suggest he should do?/ he do (it’s an infinitive!!!)? (US)

Tom insisted that she should buy a car.

WILL

no contracted affirmative form

past form: would, would not / wouldn’t

We use will:

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