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TEXT 2. BRICK. TYPES OF BRICKS

Brickwas known many thousands of years ago. It is anexample of artificial building material. Brick is divided into two general groups: (1) building brick (обыкновенный кирпич), and (2) refractory brick (огнеупорный кирпич). Building brick can differ in size, though individual countries set their own standard measurements. For example, the majority of building bricks in the British Isles measure 6.5 cm thick, 10.25 cm wide and 21.5 cm long. In Russia the sizes of a standard brick are: thickness – 6.5 cm, Fig.17                      width – 12 cm and length – 25 cm. Refractory brick varies widely in size, but is usually slightly larger than building brick.

Building brickis subdivided intoface brick(облицовочныйкирпич) and common brick. The highest quality and most attractive building brick is called face brick. This brick is used in highly visible areas of structures, such as the interior or exterior walls of houses. Face brick comes in a variety of colours and surface textures, and it is extremely uniform in shape and size. Most of it is made from high-grade fire clay (высококачественная и огнеупорная глина). Off-colour and slightly defective brick is called common brick. Common brick is used in less visible places than face brick.

Refractory brick, also called refractories, can withstandtemperatures between 1100°С and 2200°С. It is also highly resistant to chemical damage, physical wear and thermal cycling (rapid changes in temperature). Refractories are used in a wide variety of structures, including fire-places and industrial furnaces (производственные печи). Refractories differ in composition according to their use. The main types are made from such raw materials as alumina (окись алюминия), carbon, chrome ore (хромовая руда), dolomite, fire clay, magnesite (магнезит), silica (кварц), and zircon.

Stucco(стукко,прочная цементно-известковая штукатурка)is a plaster-like material applied to outside walls. It forms a hard protective covering. Stucco usually consists of sand, water and a cementing mixture. Workers usually apply three coats, using trowels (мастерок). Stucco can be applied in many finishes and colours.

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