Complete the following sentences.

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4. Complete the following sentences.

1.

To make concrete one should…

a) light, very light,

heavy, very heavy

2. Concrete as a building material can

b) heat escapes from

be divided into four classes…

the building

3.

The higher is thermal resistance,

c) an extremely

the less…

strong and durable

mass

4.

Concrete quickly hardens into…

d) mix cement, water,

sand and gravel

5.

Almost all the cement used

e) Portland cement

nowadays is…

6. Cars and lorries travel on concrete …

f) reinforced concrete

structures

7.

Airplanes land on concrete…

g) roads

8.

Concrete pipes distribute…

h) it is compressed

9.

To strengthen concrete we use…

i) runways

10.

Concrete becomes stronger when…

j) water to our houses

11.

Prestessed constructions are often cheaper than…

k) high-early strength

concrete

12.

A cheaper kind of concrete which

l) steel

fastens quicker than ordinary one is

called…

5. Fill in the gaps with a missing word(s).

1. Concrete is water-proof, fire-resistant and comparatively…

2. Heat insulating capacity is controlled by the coefficient of…

3. … is hydraulic cement which can harden under water.

4. Almost all houses, factories, skyscrapers stand on concrete …

5. …protect underground telephone wires and electric power lines.

6. …makes possible the production of concrete building materials.

7. The kind of concrete with the least weight is called …

STONE

TEXT 1. BUILDING STONE

1. Look through the text and give a short summary.

Stonebelongs to one of the oldest building materials used byman. Almost all famous buildings of classic times, of the medieval and Renaissance (Ренессанс, эпоха Возрождения) periods and of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were erected of stone. The art of making any structure in stone is called stone masonry*. It is characterised by many properties. It has mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation and fire-resistance. Building stone ranks in importance with steel as a building material. Stone is used for the foundations, walls, and steps of buildings, for the supports of piers* and bridges, and for finishing and decorating all types of structures.

Crushed stone*is mainly used as an aggregate of concrete andin road construction. Crushed stone is quarried stone crushed into small pieces suitable for such uses as the surfacing of roads and industrial construction.

Dimension stone*is stone in natural blocks or slabs cut indefinite shapes and sizes. Builders expect good dimension stone to last at least a hundred years. The best dimension stone has the fewest pores* of air cells, making it able to resist the wearing* effects of weather. Dimension stone includes granite, limestone, sandstone, and marble.

Graniteis one of the strongest of all the building stones. It isused particularly for basements, columns and steps and for entire facades. Its colour may be grey, yellow, pink or deep red. It is used extensively in the construction of public buildings.

Limestoneis a hard building stone that can be cut easily andshaped with saws, and even lathes*. These dark yellow or grey stones are sometimes placed over the rough stonework of a building to make an attractive surface. Limestone is also used for sills*, floors, steps, and cladding*.

Sandstoneis easy to work and is used for the same purposes aslimestone. Sandstone that is well-cemented with silica* is probably more durable and weather resistant than most other building stones. The durability of sandstones depends largely on cementing material.

Marbleis the most elegant building stone. Pure marble is whitewith black, grey, green, pink, red, and yellow veins. Builders use marble to make monuments and tombstones, and to decorate stairways, fire-places, floors, and paneling.

Notes:

stone masonry – кладка из природного камня

pier – столб, опора, пилон

сrushed stone – щебень

dimension stone – штучный камень, точно-обработанный камень

pores – поры

wear – физическое изнашивание, износ

lathes – пила и токарный станок

sill – подоконник

cladding – отделка

silica – кремнезем, кварц

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