Blending+semantic derivation. International words

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Blending+semantic derivation

camouflanguage < camouflage + language

Thematic groups of blends:

information technologies: teleputer < television + computer; webcam < web + camera; netaholic < Internet + alcoholic;

economics: ecolonomics < ecology + economics; freeconomics < free + economics; slowflation < slow + inflation;

geography: Eurabia < Europe + Arabia; Chindia < China + India; Calexico < California + Mexico;

literature and art:dramedy < drama + comedy; fictomercial < fiction + commercial; docusoap < documentary + soap-opera;

linguistics: Spanglish < Spanish + English; Hindlish < Hindi + English; cryptolect < cryptography + dialect; publilect < puberty + dialect.

International words

Nowadays people travel a lot. The causes why they travel are always different. Some are tired and want to have a rest somewhere in a warm and exotic country. Some want to find a good job, while the others have dealings with their partners from neighbouring countries or hope to open their own business in a certain domain which will bring a profit. All such contacts between people of different countries and cultures leave a noticeable trace upon their languages, because when people communicate they are in an interraction. The languages also interact and this leads to the fact that a certain number of words from one language enters the other one and vice versa. This process is called borrowing, when one language borrows the words from the second one.

Contemporary English is a unique mixture of Germanic and Romanic elements. This mixing has resulted in the international character of the vocabulary. In the comparison with other languages English has a rather rich vocabulary. All languages are mixtures to a greater or lesser extent, but the present day English vocabulary is unique in this respect. Through cultural contacts with Romans on the continent and through the influence of Christianity a very early layer of Latin-Greek words entered the language. Their origin is no longer noticed by the ordinary speaker nowaday in such words: pound, mustard, school, dish, chin, cleric, cheese, devil, street, and bishop. A more radical change and profound influence upon the English vocabulary took place during the Norman Conquest. Until the XV century a great number of French words enterred the language. They belong to different areas as: court, church, law and state. For example: virtue, religion, parliament, justice, noble, beauty, preach, honour. Many French borrowings retained their original pronunciation and stress. For example: champagne, ballet, machine, garage, separate, attitude, constitute, introduce

XVII – XVIII centuries, due to the establishing of cultural, trade relations many words were borrowed from Italian (libretto, violin, opera), Spanish (hurricane, tomato, tobacco), Dutch (yacht, dog, landscape).

Nowadays many Americanisms become familiar due to the increase of transatlantic travel and the influence of media. Even in London (Heathrow airport) “baggage” instead of “luggage”.

Borrowing – 1) (process) resorting to the word-stock of other languages for words to express new concepts, to further differentiate the existing concepts and to name new objects; 2) (result) a loan word, borrowed word – a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. The following types of borrowings can be distinguished:

• loan words proper – words borrowed from another language and assimilated to this or that extent;

• loan translation – 1) (process) borrowing by means of literally translating words (usually one part after another) or word combinations, by modelling words after foreign patterns; 2) (result) translation loans (calques) – words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language by way of literal word-for-word or morpheme-for-morpheme translation. For example, English goes without saying and French va sans dire;

• semantic borrowings/loans – the term is used to denote the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language (e.g. policy)

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