Shortening. Types of shortening.

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Shortening is the process of substracting phonemes and / or morhemes from words and word-groups without changing their lexico-grammatical meaning.

Abbreviationis a process of shortening the result of which is a word made up of the initial letters or syllables of the components of a word-group or a compound word.

Graphical abbreviationis the result of shortening of a word or a word-group only in written speech (for the economy of space and effort in writing), while orally the corresponding full form is used:

days of the week and months, e.g. Sun., Tue., Feb., Oct., Dec.;

states in the USA, e.g. Alas., CA, TX;

forms of address, e.g. Mr., Mrs., Dr.;

scientific degrees, e.g. BA, BSc., MA, MSc., MBA, PhD.;

military ranks, e.g. Col.;

units of measurement, e.g. sec., ft, km.

Latin abbreviations, e.g. p.a., i.e., ibid., a.m., cp., viz.

internet abbreviations, e.g. BTW, FYI, TIA, AFAIK, TWIMC, MWA.

Lexical abbreviation is the result of shortening of a word or a word-group both in written and oral speech.

-alphabetical abbreviation (initialism) is a shortening which is read as a succession of the alphabetical readings of the constituent letters, e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), MTV (Music Television), EU (European Union), MP (Member of Parliament), WHO (World Health Organisation), AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms) etc.;

-acronymic abbreviation (acronym) is a shortening which is read as a succession of the sounds denoted by the constituent letters, i.e. as if they were an ordinary word, e.g. UNESCO (United Nations Scientific, and Cultural Organisation), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) etc.;

-anacronym is an acronym which is longer perceived by speakers as a shortening: very few people remember what each letter stands for, e.g. laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detecting and ranging), scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), yuppie (young urban professional).

-homoacronym is an acronym which coincides with an English word semantically connected with the thing, person or phenomenon, e.g. PAWS (Public for Animal Welfare Society), NOW (National Organisation for Women), ASH (Action on Smoking and Health) etc.;

Clippingis the process of cutting off one or several syllables of a word.

apocope (back-clipping) is a final clipping, e.g. prof < professor, disco < discotheque, ad < advertisement, coke < coca-cola;

aphaeresis (fore-clipping) is an initial clipping, e.g. phone < telephone, Bella < Isabella, cello < violoncello;

syncope is a medial clipping, e.g. maths < mathematics, specs < spectacles; ma’m < madam;

fore-and-aft clipping is an initial and final clipping, e.g. flu < influenza, fridge < refrigerator, tec < detective, Liza < Elizabeth;

Blending(telescoping)is the process of merging parts of words into one new word, e.g. Bollywood < Bombay + Hollywood, antiégé < anti + protégé, brunch < breakfast + lunch, Mathlete < Mathematics+ athlete.

A blend(a fusion, a telescoped word, a portmanteau word) is a word that combines parts of two words and includes the letters or / and sounds they may have in common as a connecting element.

Blending has been known since the 15th c. First blends were of comic or mysterious nature as these were charades for readers or listeners to decode. Telescoped words are found in the works by W. Shakespeare (trimpherate < triumph+ triumvirate), E. Spencer (wrizzle < wrinkle + frizzle). The term portmanteau word was coined by Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking-Glass in 1872 to explain some of the words he made up in the nonsense poem Jabberwocky, e.g. galumph < gallop + triumph, chortle < chuckle + snort.

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