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Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Mahān’. — ‘Supreme soul’ (Medhātithi); — ‘the deity presiding over the Mohat-tattva of the Sāṅkhyas’ (Govindarāja and Kullūka).

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 999); — in Madanapārijāta (p. 694); — in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 489); — and in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Prāyaścitta 41a).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.32-51)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.32.

VERSE 12.51

Section VIII - States of Existence due to the Three Qualities

एष सर्वः समुद्दिष्टस्त्रिप्रकारस्य कर्मणः ।
त्रिविधस्त्रिविधः कृत्स्नः संसारः सार्वभौतिकः ॥५१॥

eṣa sarvaḥ samuddiṣṭastriprakārasya karmaṇaḥ |
trividhastrividhaḥ kṛtsnaḥ saṃsāraḥ sārvabhautikaḥ ||51||

Thus has been described the entire thrice threefold migratory process pertaining to all beings, arising out of the three kinds of action. — (51)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Of three kinds’ — arising from speech, mind and body.

‘Thrice’ — according to the three qualities of ‘Sattva’ and the rest.

‘Threefold’ — as divided into ‘good,’ ‘bad,’ and ‘middling.’

Those other ‘states’ that may not have been mentioned here are to be understood as resembling, and hence included among, those already mentioned.

This verse sums up the section on the Three Qualities; and the next is indicative of what is to follow. — (51)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Madanapārijāta (p. 694); — and in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 489).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.32-51)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.32.

VERSE 12.52 [Details of Transmigration]

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

इन्द्रियाणां प्रसङ्गेन धर्मस्यासेवनेन च ।
पापान् संयान्ति संसारानविद्वांसो नराधमाः ॥५२॥

indriyāṇāṃ prasaṅgena dharmasyāsevanena ca |
pāpān saṃyānti saṃsārānavidvāṃso narādhamāḥ ||52||

Foolish men of the lowest class go through the vilest migratory states, in consequence of being addicted to the senses and by not attending to duties. — (52)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Addiction to the senses’ — This stands for doing what is forbidden.

‘Not attending to duties’ — not doing what has been enjoined.

All this is found only in the case of ‘foolish’ men; who are, on that account, called ‘men of the lowest class.’

These men ‘go to’ — fall into — ‘the vilest migratory states’ — most despicable births.

In accordance with this general principle, the retribution of deeds is now explained. — (52)

Comparative notes by various authors:

Yājñavalkya (3.219). — ‘By omitting to do what is enjoined, by doing what is condemned, and by not controlling the senses, man falls.’

VERSE 12.53

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

यां यां योनिं तु जीवोऽयं येन येनैह कर्मणा ।
क्रमशो याति लोकेऽस्मिंस्तत् तत् सर्वं निबोधत ॥५३॥

yāṃ yāṃ yoniṃ tu jīvo'yaṃ yena yenaiha karmaṇā |
kramaśo yāti loke'smiṃstat tat sarvaṃ nibodhata ||53||

Into what wombs the soul enters, — and in consequence of what acts, — listen to that, in due order. — (53)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

[The Bhāṣya has nothing to say on this.]

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.53-59)

Yājñavalkya (3.207-208). — ‘The slayer of a Brāhmaṇa is born among deer, horses, pigs and camels; and the wine-drinker, among asses, Pukkasas and Venas, the stealer of gold being a worm, an insect or flies; and the violator of the Guru’s bed becomes grass or bushes or creepers.’

(See texts under 11.49 et seq.)

VERSE 12.54

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

बहून् वर्षगणान् घोरान्नरकान् प्राप्य तत्क्षयात् ।
संसारान् प्रतिपद्यन्ते महापातकिनस्त्विमान् ॥५४॥

bahūn varṣagaṇān ghorānnarakān prāpya tatkṣayāt |
saṃsārān pratipadyante mahāpātakinastvimān ||54||

Persons who have committed the heinous offences, having passed, during several years, through dreadful hells, reach, after the expiation thereof, the following migratory states. — (54)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Dreadful hells’ — They are ‘dreadful’ by reason of the great sufferings undergone; ‘hells’ being places of torment

‘Expiation’ — Deeds are ‘expiated’ when their results have been experienced; and when slight traces of them are left, the agent becomes born in the several migratory states.

“How is it that the whole of the act is not entirely retributed in the hells?”

It has already been explained that ‘hell’ is the result of very potent deeds — not of mild ones. And since the cause is enfeebled by the appearance of its effect, the Deed is rendered mild, less potent, by the appearance of its results. Just as in the case of fire, when it has been kindled, as soon as it has given forth sparks and heat, it becomes milder; so also is the case with Hells.

“In the case of fire there are two states — mild and flaming; Hells however are always of one uniform character.”

Like flaming fire, Actions also are prone to become strong and weak; when they are strong, they lead to Hell, and when they are weak, their retribution takes place elsewhere. Hence it is only light what has said been regarding the ‘remnant’ of the deed (leading to transmigration). — (54)

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.53-59)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.53.

VERSE 12.55

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

श्वसूकरखरोष्ट्राणां गोऽजाविमृगपक्षिणाम् ।
चण्डालपुक्कसानां च ब्रह्महा योनिमृच्छति ॥५५॥

śvasūkarakharoṣṭrāṇāṃ go'jāvimṛgapakṣiṇām |
caṇḍālapukkasānāṃ ca brahmahā yonimṛcchati ||55||

He who kills a Brāhmaṇa enters the womb of a dog, a pig, an ass, a camel, a cow, a goat, a sheep, a deer or a bird, or that of a Caṇḍāla or a Pukkasa. — (55)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

[The Bhāṣya has nothing to say on this.]

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Madanapārijāta (p. 700); — and in Mitākṣarā (3.208).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.53-59)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.53.

VERSE 12.56

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

कृमिकीटपतङ्गानां विड्भुजां चैव पक्षिणाम् ।
हिंस्राणां चैव सत्त्वानां सुरापो ब्राह्मणो व्रजेत् ॥५६॥

kṛmikīṭapataṅgānāṃ viḍbhujāṃ caiva pakṣiṇām |
hiṃsrāṇāṃ caiva sattvānāṃ surāpo brāhmaṇo vrajet ||56||

The Brāhmaṇa who drinks wine shall enter the womb of worms, insects, moths, of birds feeding on ordure, or of carnivorous animals. — (56)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Feeding on ordure’ — such as the crow and the like.

‘Carnivorous’ — tigers and so forth. — (56)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.208); — and in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 510).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.53-59)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.53.

VERSE 12.57

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

लूताऽहिसरटानां च तिरश्चां चाम्बुचारिणाम् ।
हिंस्राणां च पिशाचानां स्तेनो विप्रः सहस्रशः ॥५७॥

lūtā'hisaraṭānāṃ ca tiraścāṃ cāmbucāriṇām |
hiṃsrāṇāṃ ca piśācānāṃ steno vipraḥ sahasraśaḥ ||57||

The Brāhmaṇa who steals gold shall (enter) a thousand times into the womb of the spider, the snake, the lizard, of aquatic animals or of carnivorous Piśācas. — (57)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

[The Bhāṣya has nothing to say on this.]

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.208), which explains ‘lūtā’ as the spider, and ‘saraṭa’ as the lizard; — and in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 511).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.53-59)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.53.

VERSE 12.58

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

तृणगुल्मलतानां च क्रव्यादां दंष्ट्रिणामपि ।
क्रूरकर्मकृतां चैव शतशो गुरुतल्पगः ॥५८॥

tṛṇagulmalatānāṃ ca kravyādāṃ daṃṣṭriṇāmapi |
krūrakarmakṛtāṃ caiva śataśo gurutalpagaḥ ||58||

The violator of the Preceptor’s Bed is born hundreds of times as grasses, shrubs, creepers, as carnivorous and fanged animals, or as beings of cruel deeds. — (58)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Of cruel deeds’ — given to killing others. — (58)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.208).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.53-59)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.53.

VERSE 12.59

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

हिंस्रा भवन्ति क्रव्यादाः कृमयोऽमेध्यभक्षिणः ।
परस्परादिनः स्तेनाः प्रेत्यान्त्यस्त्रीनिषेविणः ॥५९॥

hiṃsrā bhavanti kravyādāḥ kṛmayo'medhyabhakṣiṇaḥ |
parasparādinaḥ stenāḥ pretyāntyastrīniṣeviṇaḥ ||59||

Sanguinary persons become carnivorous animals; the eaters of impure food become worms; thieves become creatures consuming their own kind; and those having intercourse with women of the lowest caste become Pretas. — (59)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Carnivorous animals’ — such as the vulture and the like.

‘Eaters of impure food become worms.’

‘Creatures consuming their own kind’ — such as big cats devour smaller eats, and large fishes devour smaller fishes of various kinds.

‘Those who have intercourse with women of the lowest caste’ — such as the ‘Barbara’ and other castes. — (59)

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.53-59)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.53.

VERSE 12.60

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

संयोगं पतितैर्गत्वा परस्यैव च योषितम् ।
अपहृत्य च विप्रस्वं भवति ब्रह्मराक्षसः ॥६०॥

saṃyogaṃ patitairgatvā parasyaiva ca yoṣitam |
apahṛtya ca viprasvaṃ bhavati brahmarākṣasaḥ ||60||

He who associates with outcasts, he who approaches the wife of another person, and he who has stolen the property of a Brāhmaṇa, become ‘Brahmarākṣasas.’ — (60)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

[The Bhāṣya has nothing to say on this verse]

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāṣharamādhava (Prāyaścitta p. 492 and p. 511).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

Yājñavalkya (3.211-215, 217). — ‘Having approached another man’s wife, and having misappropriated the property of a Brāhmaṇa, one becomes a Brahmarākṣasa in desolate wilderness. Stealer of gems are born among the lowest castes; the stealer of perfumes, as a musk-rat, The stealer of grains becomes a rat; the stealer of a vehicle, a camel; that of fruits, a monkey; that of water, a Plava bird; that of milk, a crow; that of household requisites, the Gṛhakāri animal; that of honey, a flea; that of flesh, a vulture; that of a cow, an alligator; that of fire, a crane; that of cloth, suffers from leucoderma; that of juice, a dog; that of salt, a Cīrī bird. — Having passed through the bodies of several animals, as a consequence of their acts, men become, in course of time, born again as poor and low men devoid of all good qualities.’

Viṣṇu (44.14-44). — ‘After having suffered the torments of hells, the evil-doers pass into animal bodies. Criminals of the highest degree enter the bodies of plants, one after the other. Mortal sinners enter the bodies of worms or insects; minor offenders, those of birds; animals of the fourth degree, that of aquatic animals; those who have committed crimes effecting loss of caste, enter the bodies of amphibious animals; those who have committed a crime degrading one to a mixed caste enter the bodies of deer; those who have committed a crime rendering them unfit to receive alms enter the bodies of cattle; those who have committed a crime causing defilement enter the bodies of low-caste men who may not be touched; those who have committed one of the miscellaneous crimes enter the bodies of miscellaneous wild carnivorous animals. One who has eaten the food of one whose food should not be eaten, or forbidden food, becomes a worm or insect. thief becomes a falcon. One who has appropriated a broad path, becomes an animal living in holes. The stealer of grains becomes a rat; that of copper, a Haṃsa; that of water, a water-fowl; that of honey, a gad-fly; that of milk, a crow; that of juice, a dog; that of clarified butter, an ichneumon; that of meat, a vulture; that of fat, a cormorant; that of oil, a cockroach; that of salt, a cricket; that of sour milk, a crane; that of silk, a partridge; that of linen, a frog; that of cloth, a curlew; that of cow, an iguana; that of sugar, a Vālguda; that of perfumes, a musk-rat; that of vegetable and leaves, a peacock; that of prepared grain, a boar called Śvāvidh; that of undressed grain, a porcupine; that of fire, a crane; that of household utensils, a wasp; that of dyed cloth, a Chakora bird; that of an elephant, a tortoise; that of a horse, a tiger; that of fruits or blossoms, an ape; that of women, a bear; that of a vehicle, a camel; that of cattle, a vulture. He who has taken by force any property belonging to another, or eaten food not previously presented to the gods, inevitably enters the body of some beast.’

VERSE 12.61

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

मणिमुक्ताप्रवालानि हृत्वा लोभेन मानवः ।
विविधाणि च रत्नानि जायते हेमकर्तृषु ॥६१॥

maṇimuktāpravālāni hṛtvā lobhena mānavaḥ |
vividhāṇi ca ratnāni jāyate hemakartṛṣu ||61||

The man who, through greed, steals gems, pearls and corals, or the various kinds of precious articles, is born among ‘Hemakartṛs.’ — (61)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Hemakartṛs’ — is the name of a bird. — (61)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.213); — in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 511); — and in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Saṃskāra 74a).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.62

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

धान्यं हृत्वा भवत्याखुः कांस्यं हंसो जलं प्लवः ।
मधु दंशः पयः काको रसं श्वा नकुलो घृतम् ॥६२॥

dhānyaṃ hṛtvā bhavatyākhuḥ kāṃsyaṃ haṃso jalaṃ plavaḥ |
madhu daṃśaḥ payaḥ kāko rasaṃ śvā nakulo ghṛtam ||62||

By stealing grains one becomes a rat; by stealing bronze, a Haṃsa; by stealing water, a Plava; by stealing honey, a gnat; by stealing milk, a crow; by stealing sweets, a dog; and by stealing clarified butter, an ichneumon. — (62).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Ākhu’ — rat. — (62)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Rasam’. — ‘Juice of sugar-cane’ (Kullūka); — ‘quicksilver’ (Nārāyaṇa).

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 511).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.63

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

मांसं गृध्रो वपां मद्गुस्तैलं तैलपकः खगः ।
चीरीवाकस्तु लवणं बलाका शकुनिर्दधि ॥६३॥

māṃsaṃ gṛdhro vapāṃ madgustailaṃ tailapakaḥ khagaḥ |
cīrīvākastu lavaṇaṃ balākā śakunirdadhi ||63||

For stealing meat, a vulture; for stealing fat, a cormorant; for stealing oil, a ‘Tailapāyika’ bird; for stealing salt, a Cīrīvāka; and for stealing curds, a ‘Balākā’-bird. — (63)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

[The Bhāṣya has nothing to say on this.]

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 511).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.64

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

कौशेयं तित्तिरिर्हृत्वा क्षौमं हृत्वा तु दर्दुरः ।
कार्पासतान्तवं क्रौञ्चो गोधा गां वाग्गुदो गुडम् ॥६४॥

kauśeyaṃ tittirirhṛtvā kṣaumaṃ hṛtvā tu darduraḥ |
kārpāsatāntavaṃ krauñco godhā gāṃ vāggudo guḍam ||64||

For stealing silk, a partridge; for stealing linen, a frog; for stealing cotton-cloth, a crane; for stealing a cow, an alligator; and for stealing molasses, a ‘Vāgguda’-bird. — (64)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Dardura’ is the frog of the smaller variety. — (64)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verses 12.64-67)

These verses are quoted in Parāśaramādhara (Prāyaścitta, p. 512).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.65

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

छुच्छुन्दरिः शुभान् गन्धान् पत्रशाकं तु बर्हिणः ।
श्वावित् कृतान्नं विविधमकृतान्नं तु शल्यकः ॥६५॥

chucchundariḥ śubhān gandhān patraśākaṃ tu barhiṇaḥ |
śvāvit kṛtānnaṃ vividhamakṛtānnaṃ tu śalyakaḥ ||65||

For stealing excellent perfumes, a musk-rat; for stealing vegetables with leaves, a peacock; for stealing cooked food of various kinds, a Śvāvit; and for stealing uncooked food a hedge-hog. — (65)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Varhiṇaḥ’ — peacock. — (65).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verses 12.64-67)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.64.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.66

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

बको भवति हृत्वाऽग्निं गृहकारी ह्युपस्करम् ।
रक्तानि हृत्वा वासांसि जायते जीवजीवकः ॥६६॥

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