with the Commentary of Medhatithi 338 страница

↑

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 344 из 350Следующая ⇒

bako bhavati hṛtvā'gniṃ gṛhakārī hyupaskaram |
raktāni hṛtvā vāsāṃsi jāyate jīvajīvakaḥ ||66||

For stealing fire, a heron; for stealing utensils, a ‘Gṛhakāri’-bird; for stealing red clothes, one is born as a ‘Jīvajīvaka’-bird — (66)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

[The Bhāṣya has nothing to say on this.]

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verses 12.64-67)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.64.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.67

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

वृको मृगैभं व्याघ्रोऽश्वं फलमूलं तु मर्कटः ।
स्त्रीं ऋक्षः स्तोकको वारि यानान्युष्ट्रः पशूनजः ॥६७॥

vṛko mṛgaibhaṃ vyāghro'śvaṃ phalamūlaṃ tu markaṭaḥ |
strīṃ ṛkṣaḥ stokako vāri yānānyuṣṭraḥ paśūnajaḥ ||67||

For stealing a deer or an elephant, a wolf; for stealing a horse, a tiger; for stealing fruits and roots, a monkey; for stealing a woman, a bear; for stealing water, a ‘Stokaka’-bird; for stealing conveyances, a camel; and for stealing cattle, a goat. — (67)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

When it was said (under 62) that ‘for stealing water one becomes a Plava -bird,’ it was water for drinking purposes that was meant; while in the present verse, it is water for irrigating fields and such other purposes.

Under verse 62, the term ‘Rasa’ may be taken either as the first kind of flavour (Sweet), or as medicinal substances. — (67)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verses 12.64-67)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.64.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.68

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

यद् वा तद् वा परद्रव्यमपहृत्य बलान्नरः ।
अवश्यं याति तिर्यक्त्वं जग्ध्वा चैवाहुतं हविः ॥६८॥

yad vā tad vā paradravyamapahṛtya balānnaraḥ |
avaśyaṃ yāti tiryaktvaṃ jagdhvā caivāhutaṃ haviḥ ||68||

For taking by force any kind of property belonging to another, and for eating a sacrificial material that has not been offered, one inevitably becomes an animal. — (68)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

There is nothing here that is not quite clear. — (68)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.211); — and in Parāśaramādhdva (Prāyaścitta, p. 512).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.60-68)

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.60.

VERSE 12.69

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

स्त्रियोऽप्येतेन कल्पेन हृत्वा दोषमवाप्नुयुः ।
एतेषामेव जन्तूनां भार्यात्वमुपयान्ति ताः ॥६९॥

striyo'pyetena kalpena hṛtvā doṣamavāpnuyuḥ |
eteṣāmeva jantūnāṃ bhāryātvamupayānti tāḥ ||69||

For stealing things, women also should incur guilt on this same principle; they become the female of those same creatures that have been named. — (69)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

[The Bhāṣya has nothing to say on this.]

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.21?); — in Madanapārijāta (p. 702) and in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 512).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (13.111.130). — (Same as Manu.)

Viṣṇu (44.45). — ‘Women who have committed similar thefts realise the same ignominious punishment; they become females to those male animals.’

VERSE 12.70

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

स्वेभ्यः स्वेभ्यस्तु कर्मभ्यश्च्युता वर्णा ह्यनापदि ।
पापान् संसृत्य संसारान् प्रेष्यतां यान्ति शत्रुषु ॥७०॥

svebhyaḥ svebhyastu karmabhyaścyutā varṇā hyanāpadi |
pāpān saṃsṛtya saṃsārān preṣyatāṃ yānti śatruṣu ||70||

If men of the various castes deviate from their occupations, under normal conditions, they migrate into vile migratory states and become servants among robbers. — (70)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

If the Brāhmaṇa gives up his own means of livelihood, — such as Teaching and the rest, — and takes to the occupations of the Kṣatriya and other castes; — similarly if the Kṣatriya and others ‘deviate from their occupations’; — they ‘migrate into vile migratory states’ — undergoing the experiences of animals; — and when they come to be born among men, they become servants among ‘Dasyus,’ — i.e., robbers and other harmful men.

‘In normal times’ — This is a mere reiteration; since such deviation having been permitted in abnormal times, there would be no impropriety involved in it. — (70)

VERSE 12.71

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

वान्ताश्युल्कामुखः प्रेतो विप्रो धर्मात् स्वकाच्च्युतः ।
अमेध्यकुणपाशी च क्षत्रियः कटपूतनः ॥७१॥

vāntāśyulkāmukhaḥ preto vipro dharmāt svakāccyutaḥ |
amedhyakuṇapāśī ca kṣatriyaḥ kaṭapūtanaḥ ||71||

The Brāhmaṇa fallen off from his own duty becomes a ‘fire-mouthed’ Preta feeding on vomitings; and the Kṣatriya a ‘foul-nosed’ Preta feeding on impure substances and dead bodies. — (71)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The text proceeds to indicate the states fallen into by those who fall off from their duty.

The Preta feeds upon vomitings; and its mouth keeps flaming like a fire-brand.

‘Kuṇapa’ — dead body.

‘Kūṭapūtanaḥ’ — one from whose nostrils foul smell emanates.

‘Kaṭapūtanaḥ’ is another reading; ‘Kaṭapūtana’ b eing the name of a being of the ‘Piśāca’ species, who keeps hovering in cremation-grounds. — (71)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.220), in the sense that the man neglecting his duties suffers the same tortures as the Ulkāmukha and the rest.

VERSE 12.72

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

मैत्राक्षज्योतिकः प्रेतो वैश्यो भवति पूयभुक् ।
चैलाशकश्च भवति शूद्रो धर्मात् स्वकाच्च्युतः ॥७२॥

maitrākṣajyotikaḥ preto vaiśyo bhavati pūyabhuk |
cailāśakaśca bhavati śūdro dharmāt svakāccyutaḥ ||72||

The Vaiśya, fallen from his duty, becomes the ‘Maitrākṣajyotika’ Preta feeding on pus; and the Śūdra becomes a ‘Cailāśaka’ Preta — (72)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Maitrākṣajyotika,’ like the foregoing terms, is another name for a Piśāca. Or the name may mean — “one who has light (‘jyotiḥ’) issuing from the hole (‘akṣi’) of the anus (‘maitra’).”

Others explain the term as standing for the owl; ‘maitra’ being the light of the sun, and ‘akṣajyotiḥ’ meaning visual perception; the name connoting the fact that the owl cannot see in solar light — (72)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.220) in the same sense as the above.

VERSE 12.73

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

यथा यथा निषेवन्ते विषयान् विषयात्मकाः ।
तथा तथा कुशलता तेषां तेषूपजायते ॥७३॥

yathā yathā niṣevante viṣayān viṣayātmakāḥ |
tathā tathā kuśalatā teṣāṃ teṣūpajāyate ||73||

In the proportion that sensually-inclined persons go on indulging in sensual pleasures, in that same proportion their ardour for them goes on increasing. — (73)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

For the purpose of alienating the listener from that slight pleasure which is obtained by persons obsessed with notions of duality, from sensual objects, — such as attachment to wife and children, greed for wealth and other things, — and which obstructs the acquisition of true knowledge, the text describes the actual condition of men dining transmigration.

In the proportion that men go on repeating their enjoyment of objects, — such men as are ‘sensually inclined,’ i.e., those who have a hankering for objects of sense. What is indicated by the term ‘ātman’ in this connection is that when a man becomes addicted to a certain course of action, it comes to form his very ‘nature’ (ātman). For instance, if a man happens only once in a way to eat to his fill, his hankering for it appears only when he is reminded of it; if, on the other hand, he does it daily, it becomes his very nature.

This same idea is asserted by the clause — ‘in that same proportion their ardour for them goes on increasing.’ — The term ‘kuśalatā,’ ‘ardour,’ connotes complete identification; and when one has completely identified himself with sensual objects, he can never avoid them.

This same principle applies also to such enjoyments as are not forbidden for cultured men, — such, for instance, as intercourse with one’s own wife, enjoying things obtained with money obtained from the sanctioned sources of income, and so forth; — ton much addiction to all which becomes forbidden. — (73)

VERSE 12.74

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

तेऽभ्यासात् कर्मणां तेषां पापानामल्पबुद्धयः ।
सम्प्राप्नुवन्ति दुःखानि तासु तास्विह योनिषु ॥७४॥

te'bhyāsāt karmaṇāṃ teṣāṃ pāpānāmalpabuddhayaḥ |
samprāpnuvanti duḥkhāni tāsu tāsviha yoniṣu ||74||

By the repetition of the said sinful acts, those men with shall understanding undergo sufferings in the various forms of existence in this world. — (74)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

By repeating the sinful acts, — there is degradation, but apart from that, they ‘undergo sufferings,’ when they come to be born as worms, insects and the rest — (74)

VERSE 12.75

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

तामिस्रादिषु चोग्रेषु नरकेषु विवर्तनम् ।
असिपत्रवनादीनि बन्धनछेदनानि च ॥७५॥

tāmisrādiṣu cogreṣu narakeṣu vivartanam |
asipatravanādīni bandhanachedanāni ca ||75||

(They also suffer) being tossed about in the Tāmisra and other dreadful hells, and being bound and mangled in the ‘forest with sword-leaved trees’ and other places. — (75)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The ‘Tāmisra,’ the ‘Aṇḍhatāmisra’ and other hells have been enumerated above (under 4.80).

‘Being tossed about in this’ — lying on one side and turning on the other and so forth.

Being bound up to the sword-like leaves of trees; or being ‘mangled’ by these same leaves lying scattered on the ground — the limbs being cut about like a piece of plantain-stalk. — (75).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.75-76)

[See above, 4.88-89.]

Yājñavalkya (3.206). — ‘Having passed through most despised hells, by virtue of their grievous sins, and thus having their had Karma exhausted, those who had committed heinous offences become born again in the world.’

VERSE 12.76

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

विविधाश्चैव सम्पीडाः काकोलूकैश्च भक्षणम् ।
करम्भवालुकातापान् कुम्भीपाकांश्च दारुणान् ॥७६॥

vividhāścaiva sampīḍāḥ kākolūkaiśca bhakṣaṇam |
karambhavālukātāpān kumbhīpākāṃśca dāruṇān ||76||

Also various forms of torments, being devoured by ravens and owls, tortures from morasses and scorching sand, and terrible boiling in jars. — (76)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Karambha’ is morass.

‘Kumbhīpāka’ — The men are thrust into jars and cooked, like food and other things. — (76)

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 12.75-76)

[See above, 4.88-89.]

See Comparative notes for Verse 12.75.

VERSE 12.77

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

सम्भवांश्च वियोनीषु दुःखप्रायासु नित्यशः ।
शीतातपाभिघातांश्च विविधानि भयानि च ॥७७॥

sambhavāṃśca viyonīṣu duḥkhaprāyāsu nityaśaḥ |
śītātapābhighātāṃśca vividhāni bhayāni ca ||77||

Constant births in low forms of life, abounding in misery, afflictions from heat and cold, and terrors of various kinds. — (77)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Low forms of life’ — such as the lower animals, Pretas and Piśācas; — birth in these, which is full of misery. — (77)

VERSE 12.78

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

असकृद् गर्भवासेषु वासं जन्म च दारुणम् ।
बन्धनानि च काष्ठानि परप्रेष्यत्वमेव च ॥७८॥

asakṛd garbhavāseṣu vāsaṃ janma ca dāruṇam |
bandhanāni ca kāṣṭhāni parapreṣyatvameva ca ||78||

Repeated lying in wombs, agonising births, painful bondages, and slavery to others. — (78)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The meaning of this is quite clear. — (78)

VERSE 12.79-80

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

बन्धुप्रियवियोगांश्च संवासं चैव दुर्जनैः ।
द्रव्यार्जनं च नाशं च मित्रामित्रस्य चार्जनम् ॥७९॥

जरां चैवाप्रतीकारां व्याधिभिश्चोपपीडनम् ।
क्लेशांश्च विविधांस्तांस्तान् मृत्युमेव च दुर्जयम् ॥८०॥

bandhupriyaviyogāṃśca saṃvāsaṃ caiva durjanaiḥ |
dravyārjanaṃ ca nāśaṃ ca mitrāmitrasya cārjanam ||79||

jarāṃ caivāpratīkārāṃ vyādhibhiścopapīḍanam |
kleśāṃśca vividhāṃstāṃstān mṛtyumeva ca durjayam ||80||

Separations from relations and loved ones, dwelling with the wicked, acquiring wealth and losing it, making of friends and enemies. — (79)

Inevitable decrepitude, the pangs of sickness, various forms of afflictions and unconquerable death. — (80)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

(verses 12.79-80)

The meaning of these two verses is clear. — (79-80)

VERSE 12.81

Section IX - Details of Transmigration

यादृशेन तु भावेन यद् यत् कर्म निषेवते ।
तादृशेन शरीरेण तत् तत् फलमुपाश्नुते ॥८१॥

yādṛśena tu bhāvena yad yat karma niṣevate |
tādṛśena śarīreṇa tat tat phalamupāśnute ||81||

With whatever disposition a man performs an act, the fruit thereof he reaps with a body of that same quality. — (81)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

When a man perforins a certain act with a disposition partaking of the quality of ‘Sattva,’ or of that of ‘Rajas,’ or of that of ‘Tamas,’ — the act also partaking of one of these same qualities of Sattva, Rajas or Tamas, — then it is ‘with a body of the same quality’ — i.e., by one abounding either in Sattva or in Rajas or in Tamas — that ‘he reaps the result thereof,’ — this result also partaking of either Sattva or Rajas or Tamas.

Inasmuch as such is the law, if a man’s act is such as partakes of Rajas, and has its source in an evil disposition of mind, the man obtains undesirable results; hence one should avoid such acts and should take to such as have their source in the right disposition. — (81)

VERSE 12.82 [The Highest Good]

Section X - The Highest Good

एष सर्वः समुद्दिष्टः कर्मणां वः फलोदयः ।
नैःश्रेयसकरं कर्म विप्रस्येदं निबोधत ॥८२॥

eṣa sarvaḥ samuddiṣṭaḥ karmaṇāṃ vaḥ phalodayaḥ |
naiḥśreyasakaraṃ karma viprasyedaṃ nibodhata ||82||

Thus has been indicated to you the entire manner in which results proceed from actions; now learn that act which brings about the Highest Good of the Brāhmaṇa. — (82)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The results proceeding from such acts as have been forbidden have been duly described; hence one should avoid such acts. Inasmuch as sensual pleasures are conducive to suffering, one should desist from them, and one should remain fixed in that course of action which is conducive to Liberation, and which is described under the coming section on ‘Knowledge.’ This is what we are going to expound now. — (82)

VERSE 12.83

Section X - The Highest Good

वेदाभ्यासस्तपो ज्ञानमिन्द्रियाणां च संयमः ।
अहिंसा गुरुसेवा च निःश्रेयसकरं परम् ॥८३॥

vedābhyāsastapo jñānamindriyāṇāṃ ca saṃyamaḥ |
ahiṃsā gurusevā ca niḥśreyasakaraṃ param ||83||

Vedic Study, Austerity, Knowledge, Control of the Senses, Harmlessness, Service of Elders, — are the best means of attaining the Highest Good. — (83)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The term ‘highest good’ stands, not for the accomplishment of one’s personal ends, but for the sure continuity of happiness.

‘Vedic Study’ and other things, already described before, have been repeated here, for the purpose of eulogising the Knowledge of Self.

‘Knowledge’ — of what is contained in the Veda.

The terms have been already explained. — (83)

Comparative notes by various authors:

[See XXXI above.]

Yājñavalkya (3.190). — ‘Expounding of the Veda, performing of sacrifices, Celibacy, Austerity, Self-control, Faith, Fasting and Independence are the means of acquiring the knowledge of the Self.’

VERSE 12.84-85

Section X - The Highest Good

सर्वेषामपि चैतेषां शुभानामिह कर्मणाम् ।
किं चित्श्रेयस्करतरं कर्मोक्तं पुरुषं प्रति ॥८४॥

सर्वेषामपि चैतेषामात्मज्ञानं परं स्मृतम् ।
तद् ह्यग्र्यं सर्वविद्यानां प्राप्यते ह्यमृतं ततः ॥८५॥

sarveṣāmapi caiteṣāṃ śubhānāmiha karmaṇām |
kiṃ citśreyaskarataraṃ karmoktaṃ puruṣaṃ prati ||84||

Познавательные статьи:



Техника прыжка в длину с разбега

Организация работы процедурного кабинета

Области применения синхронных машин

Оптимизация по Винеру и Калману