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This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 188).

(verse 7.68)

The Bhāṣya on this verse has not been seen by us.

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 188).

According to Medhātithi (mentioned by Buhler), the verse refers to the Ambassador who should so act as not to bring evil upon his own party; while according to others it refers to the king. Kullūka leaves it doubtful.

(verse 7.69)

‘Jāṅgalam’ — “The full definition of Jāṅgala is, according to a verse quoted by Govindarāja, Rāghavānanda and Kullūka, as below — ‘That country is called Jāṅgala which has little water and grass, where strong breezes prevail, the heat is great, where rain and the like are abundant” — Buhler.

‘Anāvilam’ — ‘Where the people are not quarrelsome’ (Medhātithi, mentioned by Buhler; though the Bhāṣya on this verse also is not found in any of the printed editions, nor in any of the Mss. consulted by us); — ‘not subject to epidemic diseases’ (Kullūka).

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 197), which quotes the defintion of ‘Jāṅgala’ noted above, and adds that the qualification that ‘water should be scarce’ is meant to indicate that such a place would be less likely to be attacked by the enemy; in the capital itself the supply of water should be abundant. It adds the following explanatory notes on the text: — The place should be fully supplied with ‘shasya’, i. e., with rich and fresh supplies of grains from the autumn, winter, spring and rain harvests; — it should be ‘āryaprāyam’, i.e., full of virtuous people; — ‘anāvila’, i.e., free from all dangers from serpents, tigers and the like, — ‘ramya,’ agreeable, pleasant, — ‘ānatasāman ta’, ‘having all subsidiary kings fully won over by gifts of presents and honors’, — and ‘svājīvya’, ‘where means of agriculture and trade are easily procurable’; — in ‘deśamāvaset,’ the accusative ending is due to the root ‘vas’ being preceded by the preposition ‘ā.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verse 7.69)

Viṣṇu (3.4-5). — ‘The king shall fix his abode in a district containing open plains, fit for cattle and abounding in grain; — and inhabited by many Vaiśyas and Śūdras.’

Yājñavalkya (1.320). — ‘He shall reside in a country which is open, pleasant, fit for cattle, and where living is easily found.’

Smṛtyantarā (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 197). — ‘That country is called Jāṅgala where there are a few trees and a little water, many birds and many animals, and abundant heat and rain.’

Kāmandaka (4.54-56). — ‘A country where living is cheap, soil fertile and copiously irrigated, which is situated at the foot of a hill, contains a large number of Śūdras, traders and artisans, where the farmers are enterprising and energetic,

which is loyal to its ruler and inhospitable to its enemies, which ungrudgingly bears taxation, extensive in area, crowded with foreigners, which is rich, pious and abounding in cattle, where the popular leaders are not foolish and voluptuous, — such a country is the best. The king should always endeavour to promote the welfare of such a land; for with its prosperity, the other constituents of the state also prosper.’

Kāmandaka (4.61). — ‘A country having communications both by land and by water, and furnished with castles affording shelter to the royal family at the time of seige — such a country is suitable for the habitation of a king seeking prosperity.’

Śukraniti (1.425-428). — ‘In a place that abounds in trees, plants and shrubs, — that is rich in cattle, birds and other animals, — that is equipped with a good supply of water and grains and is happily provided with resources in grass and fuel, — that is bestirred by the movements of boats to the seas, and is not very far from the hills, and is on level ground, a picturesque plain, — the king shall build his capital.’

Matsya-purāṇa (Do., p. 198). — ‘The king having appointed his assistants, shall take up his residence in a country which is supplied with abundant fodder and fuel, pleasant, where the vassals are obedient, and which is centrally situated; where the population consists largely of Vaiśyas and Śūdras, nor liable to attack by enemies, containing a few Brāhmaṇas and many labourers; which is not dependent totally upon rain, inhabited by men devoted to the king, not over-taxed, and supplied with plenty of fruits and flowers; nor accessible to the armies of others, where happiness and unhappiness are equable; which is free from reptiles, wild animals and thieves; — as far as possible, the king shall take up his residence in such a country.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Do.). — ‘The king, along with his assistants, shall take up his residence in a country which is suitable for cattle, open, pleasant, inhabited principally by Vaiśyas and Śūdras, free from diseases.’

Arthaśāstra (8.109). — ‘Either an old settlement or a new one he shall get inhabited either by importing men from other countries or by overflowings from his own country; the village shall be inhabited mostly by Śūdras and cultivators; consisting of not less than a hundred and not more than five hundred families, with boundaries extending over two or four miles and well marked by trees, hills, etc.’

VERSE 7.70 [Fortification (durga)]

Section VI - Fortification (durga)

धन्वदुर्गं महीदुर्गमब्दुर्गं वार्क्षमेव वा ।
नृदुर्गं गिरिदुर्गं वा समाश्रित्य वसेत् पुरम् ॥७०॥

dhanvadurgaṃ mahīdurgamabdurgaṃ vārkṣameva vā |
nṛdurgaṃ giridurgaṃ vā samāśritya vaset puram ||70||

He shall live in a city, taking up his residence either in a ‘bow-fort’, or in an ‘earthen fort’, or in an ‘aquatic fort,’ or in an ‘arborial fort,’ or in a ‘human fort,’ or in a ‘hilly fort.’ — (70)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Bow-fort’ — surrounded by a strongly-built wall, built of bricks, double-storeyed, more than 12 cubits high) with its base like the palm and its top like the monkey’s head.

‘Earthen fort’ — surrounded by earthen embankments.

‘Aquatic fort’ — surrounded by unfathomable water.

‘Arborial fort’ — surrounded, to a distance of four miles, with densely-packed large trees.

‘Human fort’ — garrisoned by an army of four divisions, and filled with arms and heroic persons.

‘Hilly fort’ — inaccessibly high, with a single pathway leading to it, supplied with water from an underground stream. — (70)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 406), as describing the various kinds of fortification; — in Mitākṣarā (on 1. 320) as describing the six kinds of fortification; — in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 202); — and in Vīramitrodaya (Lakṣana, p. 239), which adds the following explanations: — ‘Dhanvadurgam’ is ‘the fortification in the midst of a desert’, called ‘durga’, because of its inaccessibility due to absence of water and other difficulties; — it suggests another explanation of the name — ‘dhanvā’ is the name of a tract of land devoid of shelter and water; and a fort that is surrounded by such a tract of land is ‘dhanvadurga’; the meaning being that the king should make his fort, and then render its vicinity waterless and shelterless. It notes a third explanation of the name: — ‘Dhanvan,’ ‘bow,’ indicates the ‘dhanvin’, ‘archer’; hence ‘dhanvadurga’ would mean a ‘line of defence consisting of of men armed with bows and arrows This, it says, is not right; as it involves the necessity of having recourse to metaphorical explanation; and also because we have never heard of such a ‘fort’; again because such a ‘line of defence’ could be very easily broken through; and lastly because this would be the same as the ‘nṛdurga’ coming later. — ‘Naradurga’ is the line of defence consisting of the army; and this consists of elephants, chariots, horses and archers; and as this also would include archers, the separate name ‘dhanvadurga’ could not stand for the same sort of defence. — The ‘Mahīdurga’ is the ‘fort made of bricks and stones on the ground’; — some people explain it as a fort consisting only of an unevenly rugged tract of land; — the ‘Mahīdurga’ has been thus defined in Auśanasa Dhanurveda — ‘That fort is called Mahīdurga which consists of a tract of land, portions of which are very high and others very low; it is equipped with all accessories, well guarded and filled with all means of offence and defence’. The ‘Jaladurga’ consists of that place which is surrounded by swift, and unfordable streams of water. — The ‘Vanadurga’ is a tract of land surrounded by impenetrable forests and trees. — ‘Baladurga or Nṛdurga’ is that line of defence which consists in the dispositions of the army. — The ‘Giridurga’ is erected either on the summit of a mountain, or in a tract of land surrounded by hills.

It is quoted in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Saṃskāra, p. 72a): — and in Nītimayūkha (p. 64), which adds that Kāmandaka mentions the Airaṇadurga also.

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (12.86.5). — ‘Dhanvadurga, Mahīdurga, Giridurga, Manuṣyadurga, Mṛddurga, Vanadurga, — these are the six forts.’

Viṣṇu (3.6). — ‘There shall he reside in a stronghold — either of desert, or of armed men, or of fortifications, or of water, or of trees, or of mountains.’

Yājñavalkya (3.20). — ‘There he shall build forts for the protection of men and treasures.’

Kāmandaka (4.57). — ‘The king should settle in a fortress which is extensive, environed by a wide ditch and secured with gates, strengthened with high massive walls and sheltered by mighty mountains, forests and deserts.’

Matsya-purāṇa (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 199). — ‘The wise king shall build one of the six kinds of fort — the Bow fort, the Earthen fort, the Human fort, the Arborial fort, the Aquatic fort and the Hilly fort.’

Auśanasa Dhanurveda (Do.). — ‘(1) The Bow fort is that which is devoid of water, abounding in pebbles, rough, without supports, beset with obstacles and poisonous insects, not admitting of easy locomotion, equipped with strong guards and free from disease. (2) The Earthen fort is equipped with all accessories, well protected, and supplied with implements, in places very high, and in places very low. (3) The Human fort consists of men related to the king hereditarily, obedient and contented, well-trained and under suitable officers, terrible, and ever alert. (4) The Arborial fort consists of the forest, with paths unknown, densely packed with trees, thickets and creepers and thorns extending far and wide. (5) The Aquatic fort consists of water which has only one entrance and that narrow, full of poison and such aquatic animals as are fond of touching, devouring and killing. (6) Hilly fort consists of a mountain, which is inaccessible, beyond the reach of arrows, fully equipped with all accessories and comforts.’

Mahābhārata (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 199). — ‘The king shall gather for himself all the corn; what he cannot gather, that he shall burn; all standing crops also he shall destroy; he shall demolish all passages in rivers and over forts; he shall make all the water flow out; what cannot flow out, that he shall pollute; he shall uproot all small trees near about the fort; of the larger trees, he shall lop off all the branches.’

Bṛhaspati (Do.). — ‘For the protection of his wife, wealth and people, as also of stores, the king has to build a fort with double walls.’

Matsya-purāṇa. (Do., p. 203). — ‘The fort shall be surrounded by a ditch, equipped with walls and towers, as also with hundreds of guns and other machines.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Do., Lakṣaṇa, p. 242). — ‘The king shall build one of the six kinds of forts.’

Arthaśāstra (p. 119). — ‘In the middle of the settlement, he shall establish a natural fort for purposes of war either in the form of an enclosed island, or high ground surrounded by deep ditches, called the water fort; or of stone, in the shape of caves, called the hilly fort; caves, or barren ground devoid of water and grass, called the Bow fort; Or of thicket-covered marshy land, called the Arborial fort. Of these the Water and Hill forts are for defence and the Bow and Arborial forts are for safety during times of distress.’

VERSE 7.71-72

Section VI - Fortification (durga)

सर्वेण तु प्रयत्नेन गिरिदुर्गं समाश्रयेत् ।
एषां हि बाहुगुण्येन गिरिदुर्गं विशिष्यते ॥७१॥

त्रीण्याद्यान्याश्रितास्त्वेषां मृगगर्ताश्रयाप्चराः ।
त्रीण्युत्तराणि क्रमशः प्लवङ्गमनरामराः ॥७२॥

sarveṇa tu prayatnena giridurgaṃ samāśrayet |
eṣāṃ hi bāhuguṇyena giridurgaṃ viśiṣyate ||71||

trīṇyādyānyāśritāstveṣāṃ mṛgagartāśrayāpcarāḥ |
trīṇyuttarāṇi kramaśaḥ plavaṅgamanarāmarāḥ ||72||

By all means in his power he shall take shelter in a ‘hilly fort’; because among all these (forts) the hilly fort is distinguished by many good qualities. — (71).

The first three of these are inhabited by deer, by animals living underground and by aquatic animals, and the last three by monkeys, men and gods. — (72).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

(verses 7.71-72)

‘The first three’ — the ‘bow-fort’ and the rest.

‘Inhabited’ — taken shelter in.

‘Animals living underground’ — the gargara (a kind of fish,) the mungoose and the like.

‘Aquatic animals’ — alligators, tortoise and so forth.

This means that the King suffers the good and bad effects that are suffered by the animals inhabiting these places of shelter.

‘The last three’ — ‘Plavaṅgama’ is the monkey. — (72)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verse 7.71)

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 203), which explains ‘bāhuguṇyena’ as ‘by reason of its having many apparent advantages, such as inaccessibility and so forth’; — in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Saṃskāra p. 72a); — and in Nītimayūkha (p. 65), which says that the genitive in ‘eteṣam’ (which is its reading for ‘eṣām hi)’ denotes selection.

(verse 7.72)

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 202), which adds the following explanations: — From among the first three kinds of fort, wild animals take shelter in the fort consisting of the desert, — ‘animals living in holes,’ i.e., rats take shelter in the fort consisting of the ground, fish take shelter in the ‘fort’ consisting of unfordable water; — monkeys take shelter in trees, which constitute their ‘fort’; — and man takes shelter under men, who constitute his ‘fort’, — and the gods take shelter on mountain-peaks, like the Kailāśa. What is meant is that ‘just as the gods and others take shelter under the defences of the Kailasha peak and so forth, so should the king take shelter in a fort.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verse 7.71)

Matsya-purāṇa (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 203). — ‘Of all forts, the Hilly fort is the most highly commended.’

Mahābhārata (Do., p. 201). — ‘Among the six kinds of forts laid down in the scriptures, it is the Human fort that is the most inaccessible.’

Śukranīti (1.766). — ‘The king should take shelter in hill forts in times of great danger.’

Do. (4. 5, 2 et seq.). — ‘Forts are made inaccessible by ditches, thorns, rocks and deserts. The fort surrounded by ditches is called Parikhā; that by walls of stone and bricks, Parigha; that by trees, thorns and thickets Vanadurga; that near which there is no water is called Dhanvadurga; that surrounded by large sheets of water is called Jaladurga; that situated on high ground and supplied with plenty of water is called Giridurga; that guarded by heroes versed in military tactics is called Sainyadurga; that belonging to allies and relations is the Sahāyadurga. The Sahāyadurga and the Sainyadurga arc the best of all.’

Bṛhaspati (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 204). — ‘It should be equipped with fuel, flavouring substances, canes, fodder, conveyances, machines and weapons, and also well-disposed and brave soldiers. The king shall also bring together, and provide livings for Brāhmaṇas learned in Vedic lore and Kṣatriyas, also performers of Agṇihotra.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Do.). — ‘Each one of these forts shall be supplied with treasure and provisions, with elephants, horses and chariots, — also with gems; it shall he fully supplied with machines, abounding in Vedic learning, and equipped with all materials of war, well-stored with food and money, supplied with drinks and water, fully supplied with elephants, horses, chariots, cows, physicians and astrologers; also with clarified butter, oils and medicines and other accessories; protected by walls, ditches, towers and turrets.’

Mahābhārata — Śāntiparva (Parāśaramādhava Ācāra, p. 407). — ‘Protected by strong walls and ditches, supplied with elephants, horses and chariots, with bright citizens, adorned with squares and markets, full of brave and wise men.’

VERSE 7.73

Section VI - Fortification (durga)

यथा दुर्गाश्रितानेतान्नोपहिंसन्ति शत्रवः ।
तथाऽरयो न हिंसन्ति नृपं दुर्गसमाश्रितम् ॥७३॥

yathā durgāśritānetānnopahiṃsanti śatravaḥ |
tathā'rayo na hiṃsanti nṛpaṃ durgasamāśritam ||73||

Just as enemies do not hurt these beings sheltered in their fortresses, so also the enemies do not injure the king protected by his fort.

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This verse explains the use of making forts; the sense being that since even extremely weak persons, if sheltered by forts, cannot be easily injured by powerful enemies, it is advisable to take shelter in a fort. — (73)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 202).

VERSE 7.74

Section VI - Fortification (durga)

एकः शतं योधयति प्राकारस्थो धनुर्धरः ।
शतं दशसहस्राणि तस्माद् दुर्गं विधीयते ॥७४॥

ekaḥ śataṃ yodhayati prākārastho dhanurdharaḥ |
śataṃ daśasahasrāṇi tasmād durgaṃ vidhīyate ||74||

A single bow-man, standing on a rampart, can fight against a hundred; and a hundred can fight against ten thousand; it is for the season that fortification has been enjoined. — (74).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This use of the fort is well known.

Some people have held that the example of the ‘rampart’ indicates that this refers to the ‘hill-fort’. But this is not right; because ramparts are possible in ‘earthen forts’ also. Hence the use here described must refer to all kinds of forts. — (71)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 202); — in Vīramitrodaya (Lakṣaṇa, p. 238); — in Nītimayūkha (p. 65), which says that even if the attack is made by men ten times the number of the garrison, they are repulsed; — and in Rājanītiratnākara (p. 20a).

VERSE 7.75

Section VI - Fortification (durga)

तत् स्यादायुधसम्पन्नं धनधान्येन वाहनैः ।
ब्राह्मणैः शिल्पिभिर्यन्त्रैर्यवसेनोदकेन च ॥७५॥

tat syādāyudhasampannaṃ dhanadhānyena vāhanaiḥ |
brāhmaṇaiḥ śilpibhiryantrairyavasenodakena ca ||75||

It should be folly equipped with weapons, with money and grain, with conveyances, with Brāhmaṇas, with artisans, with machines, with fodder and with water, — (75)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Weapons’ — swords, javelins &c.

‘Equipped’ — supplied.

‘Weapons’ include also armour, helmet and other accoutrements of war.

‘Money’ — gold, silver &c.

‘Conveyances’ — chariots, horses &c.

‘Artisans’ — men capable of working at machines, i.e., carpenters and so forth.

‘Fodder’ —

‘Brāhmaṇas’ — ministers and priests, as well as others. These may come useful if certain religious acts have got to be done for the allaying of sudden portents etc.

As the list is not meant to be exhaustive, the king should get together also physicians and other persons likely to be of use. — (75)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 204); — in Vīramitrodaya (Lakṣaṇa, p. 238); — in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 407); — in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Saṃskāra, p. 72a); — and in Nītimayūkha (p. 65), which explains ‘mantraiḥ’ (v. l. ‘yantraiḥ’) as ‘persons well versed in the use of incantations for the cure of snake-bite and other ills’.

VERSE 7.76

Section VI - Fortification (durga)

तस्य मध्ये सुपर्याप्तं कारयेद् गृहमात्मनः ।
गुप्तं सर्वऋतुकं शुभ्रं जलवृक्षसमन्वितम् ॥७६॥

tasya madhye suparyāptaṃ kārayed gṛhamātmanaḥ |
guptaṃ sarvaṛtukaṃ śubhraṃ jalavṛkṣasamanvitam ||76||

In the centre of the fort, he shall get built for himsrlf a spacious palace, well guarded, equipped with all seasons, resplendent, and supplied with water and trees. — (76)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Spacious’ — as large as may be necessary for the king, his sons, his treasury, armoury, stables and other necessities.

‘Well guarded’ — with several compartments.

Such a palace he shall get built for himself.

‘Equipped with all seasons’ — adorned with flowers and garlands of all seasons: thus all the seasons would be present there. The term ‘seasons’ stands for the produetts of the seasons, in the shape of flowers, fruits etc.

If we read ‘Sarvartugam’ — it means ‘the place where all the seasons are present’. The sense remains the same in both cases. When a thing is present in a place, the place is said to be equipped with it.

‘Resplendent’ — whitewashed with lime.

‘Supplied with water and trees’ — equipped with fountains, gardens and parks. — (76)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Sarvartukam’ — ‘Provided with the produce of all seasons’ (Medhātithi, Govindarāja, Kullūka and Rāghavānanda); — ‘habitable in all seasons’ (Nandana and Nārāyaṇa).

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 407); — and in Nītimayūkha (p. 65), which explains ‘sarvartukam’ as ‘with gardens containing trees of fruits of all seasons, or stocked with fruits and flowers of all seasons’, — and ‘sarvavastusamanvitam’ as ‘stocked with things needed in several seasons’.

Comparative notes by various authors:

Āpastamba (2. 25.2-3). — ‘He shall cause to be built a town and a palace, the gates of both being towards the South. The palace shall stand in the heart of the town.’

Śukranīti (1.435-437). — ‘The palace is to be built in the midst of the council-buildings, equipped with stables for elephants, horses and cattle, well adorned with spacious tanks, wells and water-pumps, having sides of equal length in all directions, high, towards the South and North.’

Bṛhaspati (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 206). — ‘At the centre of the fort, the king shall build a separate house supplied with trees and water, to the East of which facing the East, should be the Hall.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Do.). — ‘Therein shall the king build a house, after consulting the astrologer and the architect.’

Kāmandaka (4.58). — ‘The king should build a castle, proof against the inclemencies of weather, well supplied with provisions and money and an abundant water-supply.’

VERSE 7.77 [Domestic Duties]

Section VII - Domestic Duties

तदध्यास्योद्वहेद् भार्यां सवर्णां लक्षणान्विताम् ।
कुले महति सम्भूतां हृद्यां रूपगुणान्विताम् ॥७७॥

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