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Comparative notes by various authors:

Kātyāyana (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 178). — ‘In a kingdom when ministers, courtiers and physicians are given to flattery, the king shall certainly lose his kingdom, his righteousness and his happiness. The king shall not evince displeasure at anything that they say; because it is their duty to say what is right and according to law.’

Kāmandaka (11.77). — ‘A king seeking his own welfare should discuss the subject of consultation severally with each of his ministers; after which he should take into serious consideration the opinion expressed by each.’

VERSE 7.58

Section IV - Duties of the King

सर्वेषां तु विशिष्टेन ब्राह्मणेन विपश्चिता ।
मन्त्रयेत् परमं मन्त्रं राजा षाड्गुण्यसंयुतम् ॥५८॥

sarveṣāṃ tu viśiṣṭena brāhmaṇena vipaścitā |
mantrayet paramaṃ mantraṃ rājā ṣāḍguṇyasaṃyutam ||58||

With the learned Brāhmaṇa, however, who is the most distinguished of them all, the king shall discuss the highest secrets pertaining to the six-fold state-craft. — (58)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Learned’ — highly educated, well versed in the science of polity.

“He shall discuss the highest secret’ — what has to be guarded in absolute: secrecy — ‘pertaining to the sixfold state-craft

The Brāhmaṇa is, as a rule, possessed of keener intelligence, and being highly virtuous, is absolutely trustworthy. — (58)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 406); — and in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 178).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Yājñavalkya (1.311). — ‘With these he should take counsel, specially with the Brāhmaṇa.’

Kāmandaka (11.78). — ‘After having weighed the opinions expressed by the councillors, he shall act upon that counsel which is proposed by the highly intelligent, well-wishing and numerously supported minister who always acts according to the scriptures.’

Kātyāyana (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 178). — (See under 54.)

VERSE 7.59

Section IV - Duties of the King

नित्यं तस्मिन् समाश्वस्तः सर्वकार्याणि निःक्षिपेत् ।
तेन सार्धं विनिश्चित्य ततः कर्म समारभेत् ॥५९॥

nityaṃ tasmin samāśvastaḥ sarvakāryāṇi niḥkṣipet |
tena sārdhaṃ viniścitya tataḥ karma samārabhet ||59||

He shall always, in full confidence, entrust all business to him; and having, in consultation with him, formed his resolution, he shall do what has to be done. (59)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Having entrusted the whole kingdom to the said Brāhmaṇa, the king shall enjoy royal pleasures in full confidence and trust.

‘In consultation with him, having formed his resolution, he shall do what has to be done’; — such as marching against an enemy, encamping, judicial proceedings, collection of revenue and so forth. — (59).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 406); — and in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 178).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Arthaśāstra (p. 73). — ‘He shall not disregard any one; he shall listen to the opinion of every one.’

VERSE 7.60

Section IV - Duties of the King

अन्यानपि प्रकुर्वीत शुचीन् प्राज्ञानवस्थितान् ।
सम्यगर्थसमाहर्तॄनमात्यान् सुपरीक्षितान् ॥६०॥

anyānapi prakurvīta śucīn prājñānavasthitān |
samyagarthasamāhartṝnamātyān suparīkṣitān ||60||

He shall also appoint other ministers, who are pure, wise, firm, experts in collecting revenue and thoroughly tested. — (60)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This is an exception to what has been said regarding the appointing of ‘seven or eight’ ministers (verse 54).

‘Experts in collecting revenue’ — thoroughly experienced in the work of collecting revenue.

‘Tested’ — by the tests (described above). — (60)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 185); — and in Nītimayūkha (p. 53).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.60-62)

(See the texts under 54.)

Viṣṇu (8.16-21). — ‘The king shall appoint able officials for the working of his mines, for the levying of taxes and of the fares to be paid at ferries, and for his elephants and forests. He shall appoint pious persons for performing acts of piety; skilled men for financial business; brave men for fighting; stern men for acts of rigour; and eunuchs for his wives.’

Yājñavalkya (1.320-21). — He shall appoint such officials as are experts in their work, clever and pure and alert, to the departments of income and expenditure and the harems.’

Arthaśāstra (p. 136). — ‘The officer placed in charge of Forts shall look after the following: tolls, fines, weights and measures, landmarks and boundaries, coinage, wines, slaughterhouse, yarns, oils, butter, salt, gold, trade-regulations, courtesans, gambling, engineering, building, arts and crafts, temples and entrance and exit.’

Arthaśāstra (p. 6). — ‘Officers of the following departments are to be appointed: — gold, granary, trade, forestry, armoury, weights and measures, measurements of time and surveying, customs and tolls, spinning and weaving, agriculture, excise, slaughterhouse, courtesans, navy, cattle, horse, elephant, chariot, infantry, army-command, coinage, pasture-land, collection of revenues, espionage, city-administration.’

VERSE 7.61

Section IV - Duties of the King

निर्वर्तेतास्य यावद्भिरितिकर्तव्यता नृभिः ।
तावतोऽतन्द्रितान् दक्षान् प्रकुर्वीत विचक्षणान् ॥६१॥

nirvartetāsya yāvadbhiritikartavyatā nṛbhiḥ |
tāvato'tandritān dakṣān prakurvīta vicakṣaṇān ||61||

He shall appoint as many industrious, clever and skilful men as may be required for the accomplishment of his business. — (61)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

All these officials to be appointed should be well versed in the art of deliberation, and learned.

‘Skilful’. — Even when there is ground for fear and bewilderment, they retain their courage.

‘Industrious’ — not slothful. It has been declared in the Adhyakṣapracāra that — ‘That king alone deserves his kingdom whose minister is intelligent, loyal, industrious, well versed in matters relating to virtue and wealth, pure, clever and of noble family; having entrusted the burden of the kingdom to him, if the king gives himself to pleasure, he does not perish; because even so his kingly duties are duly fulfilled’. — (61)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Ādhyakṣapracāre’ (Medhātithi, p. 511, 1.14) — This is the name of one of the chapters in Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra. It is referred to again in the Bhāṣya on verse 81 below.

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 185); — and in Nītimayūkha (p. 53).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.60-62)

See Comparative notes for Verse 7.60.

VERSE 7.62

Section IV - Duties of the King

तेषामर्थे नियुञ्जीत शूरान् दक्षान् कुलोद्गतान् ।
शुचीनाकरकर्मान्ते भीरूनन्तर्निवेशने ॥६२॥

teṣāmarthe niyuñjīta śūrān dakṣān kulodgatān |
śucīnākarakarmānte bhīrūnantarniveśane ||62||

From among them he shall employ the brave, the expert, the high-born and the honest ones in work relating to finance, — such as mines and stores — and timid ones in the interior of the palace. — (62)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Arthe’, ‘work relating to finance’, — i.e., offices prataining (pertaining?) to income and expenditure. In these he shall employ those who are ‘honest’ — not covetous of wealth.

Some of these financial offices are indicated by example ‘mines and stores’; — ‘mines’ are places where gold, silver and other precious metals are dug out and cleansed, and ‘stores’ consist of food-grains, cotton, seeds and so forth.

‘In the inferior of the palace’; — i.e., the inner apartments, the kitchen, the bed-room and the ladies’ apartments. — In these he shall appoint ‘timid’ persons. Because brave persons, if won over by his enemies, might kill the king, when he may be alone.

All of these should be ‘expert’; they are energetic and, not minding any opposition, never allow their master’s work to suffer. — (62)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Karmānta’ — ‘Bhakṣya-kārpāsāvāpādayaḥ’, ‘Food stuffs, cotton fabrics, utensils and so forth’ or ‘sowing of seeds of food-grains and cotton etc.’ (Medhātithi, to whom Buhler, on the strength of his own Mss., attributes the explanation ‘sugar-mills, distilleries and so forth’); — ‘store-houses of sugarcane, grains and such things’ (Kullūka).

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 187), which adds the following notes: — Teṣām, ‘from among the said assistants’; — ‘arthe,’ ‘in the work of collecting revenue’; which is further explained by the term ‘ūkarakarmānta’; — ‘bhīrūn’, ‘those who are full of fear of this world as well as of the next’

It is also quoted in Aparārka (p. 581); — and in Nītimayūkha (p. 53), which explains ‘ākara’ as ‘mines of gold and other metals’, — ‘karmānta’ as ‘granaries’, — and ‘antarniveśana’ as ‘the bed-room and other private apartments,’ and adds that there should be ‘bhīru’, cowards, as brave men might kill the king.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.60-62)

See Comparative notes for Verse 7.60.

VERSE 7.63 [The Ambassador (dūta)]

Section V - The Ambassador (dūta)

दूतं चैव प्रकुर्वीत सर्वशास्त्रविशारदम् ।
इङ्गिताकारचेष्टज्ञं शुचिं दक्षं कुलोद्गतम् ॥६३॥

dūtaṃ caiva prakurvīta sarvaśāstraviśāradam |
iṅgitākāraceṣṭajñaṃ śuciṃ dakṣaṃ kulodgatam ||63||

As ambassador he shall appoint one who is well versed in all the sciences, who understands hints, expressions and gestures, who is honest, expert and born of a noble family. — (63)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

For the Ambassador the further qualification is necessary, — that he should be able to understand ‘hints, expressions and gestures’. When the Ambassador goes to another king and the latter is deliberating with his ministers on questions of peace, there pass among them certain signs; for instance, the Ambassador is received with studied regard, he is confided in, his entire speeches are frequently praised. [All these he shall take note of.] But of unfavourable signs he shall take no notice.

‘Expressions’ — bodily changes; such as dejected looks, paleness of the face, silence, heaving of sighs, long and hot; — such bodily changes indicate humility, and the clever ambassador infers from these that ‘the man has fallen in some dire calamity, that is why he is pale’. On the other hand, when the man talks glibly, his body wears a bloom, the face is happy, — it shows that he is pleased.

‘Honest’ — in his dealings with women; (this is necessary) since it is through women that secrets generally become divulged and men fall into disgrace. — (63)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 188), which adds the following notes: — ‘Sarvaśāstraviśāradam’, ‘expert in several sciences, scriptural as well as temporal’; — ‘iṅgitam’, ‘words and accents indicative of people’s intentions’, — ‘ākāraḥ’, ‘joyous or pale expression of the face, indicative of joy or grief’; — ‘ceṣṭā’, ‘such actions as the throwing about of the arms and so forth, which are indicative of anger and other emotions’; — the man appointed should know all these.

This verse is quoted also in Vīramitrodaya (Lakṣaṇa, p. 225); — and in Rājanītiratnākara (p. 28b).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.63-64)

Matsya-purāṇa (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 180). — ‘The ambassador should he one who is truthful, conversant with dialects, eloquent, capable of endurance, sweet of speech, possesses knowledge of countries and their divisions, as also of time and its divisions; he should be one who acquaints himself with places and things and reports what he knows to the king at the right time.’

Garuḍa-purāṇa (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 180). — ‘Intelligent, thoughtful, capable of gauging.the minds of others, hard-hearted, truthful, — such should be the ambassador of the king.’

Mahābhārata (Vīramitrodaya-Lakṣaṇa, p. 226). — ‘High-born, polite, eloquent, clever, sweet of speech, truthful, of bright complexion, — these seven qualities should mark out the ambassador.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Vīramitrodaya-Lakṣaṇa, p. 226). — (Same as the Matsya-purāṇa above.)

Arthaśāstra (p. 78). — ‘After having completed the consultation, he shall send out ambassadors. The ambassador should be endowed with all the qualities of the minister, if the entire business is to be confided to him; and if he is possessed of only three quarters of these qualities, only a part of the business shall be confided to him; and if he is possessed of only half of those qualities, then he shall only carry orders (without knowledge of the secrets).’

Kāmandaka (12.1). — ‘Having previously held the necessary counsel, the wise king shall depute to the court of the monarch against whom he intends to march, an ambassador, confident of his special abilities, — his selection having been approved by the cabinet.’

VERSE 7.64

Section V - The Ambassador (dūta)

अनुरक्तः शुचिर्दक्षः स्मृतिमान् देशकालवित् ।
वपुष्मान् वीतभीर्वाग्मी दूतो राज्ञः प्रशस्यते ॥६४॥

anuraktaḥ śucirdakṣaḥ smṛtimān deśakālavit |
vapuṣmān vītabhīrvāgmī dūto rājñaḥ praśasyate ||64||

That royal ambassador is commended who is loyal, honest, clever, possessed of good memory, conversant with place and time, handsome of body, fearless and eloquent. — (64)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Loyal’ — ‘who cannot be won over.

‘Clever’ — does not miss the right time and place.

‘Possessed of good memory’ — who carries his master’s messages intact, without forgetting any part of it.

‘Conversant with time and place’. — knowing the proper time and place, he may say things which he may not have been told if it happens to be opportune.

‘Handsome’ — of goodly appearance. Being handsome to look at, he says things cleverly and in the right manner.

‘Fearless’; — it is only one who is free from fear who can say things in the proper spirit.

‘Eloquent’; — he is capable of replying to what may be said in answer to the message brought by him. — (64)

The author proceeds to explain why it is necessary to seek for the said qualities in an ambassador. —

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Anuraktaḥ’ — ‘Loyal to the king’(Medhātithi, Govindarāja and Rāghavānanda); — ‘attached to the people’ (Kulluka).

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Lakṣaṇa, p. 225); — and in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 188), which adds the following notes: — ‘Anuraktaḥ,’ ‘attached to the people and hence not likely to be disagreeable even, to enemy-kings’; — ‘śuciḥ,’ ‘pure in his dealings with women and money’; — ‘dakṣaḥ,’ ‘one who never misses his opportunity to act; — ‘smṛtimān,’ ‘not likely to forget either the instructions of his own king or the replies given by the other party’; — ‘deśakālavit’, ‘capable of altering either his own king’s message or the reply given by the other party, or his own operations, in view of the altered conditions of time and place in which he may find himself’; — ‘vapuṣmān’, ‘possessed of excellent physical features’, — ‘vītabhīḥ’, ‘who is capable of telling even disagreeable things to the king, if it is likely to be beneficial to the latter’s interests.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.63-64)

See Comparative notes for Verse 7.63.

VERSE 7.65

Section V - The Ambassador (dūta)

अमात्ये दण्ड आयत्तो दण्डे वैनयिकी क्रिया ।
नृपतौ कोशराष्ट्रे च दूते सन्धिविपर्ययौ ॥६५॥

amātye daṇḍa āyatto daṇḍe vainayikī kriyā |
nṛpatau kośarāṣṭre ca dūte sandhiviparyayau ||65||

The army is dependent upon the minister (of war); on the army rests the act of ruling; the treasury and the realm are dependent upon the king, and upon the ambassador depend peace and its opposite. — (65)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Upon the minister’ — i.e., on the commander — ‘is dependent the army’ — composed of the elephant and the rest; since it is according to his wishes that it operates.

‘On the army rests the act of ruling’; — since the person, be he an inhabitant of the king’s own realm, or of another kingdom, who is to be ‘ruled’ has got to be punished; and the act pertaining thereto is called the ‘act of ruling’.

‘The Treasury and the Realm are dependent upon the king’ — ‘Treasury’ is the place of accumulation; and ‘realm’ is the country; and these two should not be made over to the charge of any other person; the king should look after them himself.

‘Upon the ambassador depend peace and its opposite’ — ‘Peace’ is obtained by the use of agreeable word and showing off what is done by his master; the opposite of this leads to ‘war’; both of these thus are dependent upon the Ambassador. — (65)

The work of the ambassador has thus been eulogised. The same fact is again reiterated: —

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 188); and in Rājanītiratnākara (p. 27b.)

VERSE 7.66

Section V - The Ambassador (dūta)

दूत एव हि सन्धत्ते भिनत्त्येव च संहतान् ।
दूतस्तत् कुरुते कर्म भिद्यन्ते येन मानवः ॥६६॥

dūta eva hi sandhatte bhinattyeva ca saṃhatān |
dūtastat kurute karma bhidyante yena mānavaḥ ||66||

For it is the Ambassador alone who brings together allies and also alienates them; the Ambassador transacts that business by which people become disunited — (66)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The Ambassador brings about the alliance of kings, and also disunites those already allied. He does the former by saying even such agreeable things as he has not been commissioned to say; and the latter by describing even such unfriendly acts as may not have been done; by not paying the presents of gold and other things that he may have brought with him.

In this way be disunites allies.

This business, just spoken of, is transacted by the Ambassador, and by it kings become disunited.

It is only persons with disagreeable speech that do this — (66)

Another work of the Ambassador is next described: —

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 188).

VERSE 7.67-69

Section V - The Ambassador (dūta)

स विद्यादस्य कृत्येषु निर्गूढेङ्गितचेष्टितैः ।
आकारमिङ्गितं चेष्टां भृत्येषु च चिकीर्षितम् ॥६७॥

बुद्ध्वा च सर्वं तत्त्वेन परराजचिकीर्षितम् ।
तथा प्रयत्नमातिष्ठेद् यथाऽत्मानं न पीडयेत् ॥६८॥

जाङ्गलं सस्यसम्पन्नमार्यप्रायमनाविलम् ।
रम्यमानतसामन्तं स्वाजीव्यं देशमावसेत् ॥६९॥

sa vidyādasya kṛtyeṣu nirgūḍheṅgitaceṣṭitaiḥ |
ākāramiṅgitaṃ ceṣṭāṃ bhṛtyeṣu ca cikīrṣitam ||67||

buddhvā ca sarvaṃ tattvena pararājacikīrṣitam |
tathā prayatnamātiṣṭhed yathā'tmānaṃ na pīḍayet ||68||

jāṅgalaṃ sasyasampannamāryaprāyamanāvilam |
ramyamānatasāmantaṃ svājīvyaṃ deśamāvaset ||69||

In connection with the business of the foreign king, he should explore, by means of secret hints and transactions, the expression, the hints and the transactions among his servants, as also the intentions of the king himself. — (67)

Having learnt all the precise intentions of the foreign king, he shall take such steps that he may not bring trouble to himself. — (68)

He shall take up residence in a country which is open, fully supplied with grains, inhabited almost entirely by men of gentle birth, free from diseases, pleasant, where the vassals are obedient and where living is easily found. — (69)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

(verse 6.67)

‘He’ — the ambassador; — ‘in connection with the business of the king’, who is going to be marched against by his employer. — (67)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verse 7.67)

‘Niguḍheṅgitaceṣṭitaiḥ’ — ‘By his own hidden gestures and actions’ (Govindarāja); — ‘through the gestures and actions of the Confidential agents of the other party’ (Kullūka); — ‘through men who hide their own significant gestures and actions’ (Nandana).

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