What is culture? How does culture define people?

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Glossary

1. Communication – is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver;   “Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced ,maintained, repaired and transformed ” (James W. Carey)

2. Feedback – is the opposite response of the receiver  

3. Interpersonal communication – is a communication between two or a few people, which shows that there is no clearly identifiable source or receiver.

4. Encoding is first process of message transformation into an understandable sign and symbol system. Speaking is encoding, as are writing, printing, and filming a television program.

5. Decodingis the process of interpreting the signs and symbols after receiving the message.

6. Noise – anything that interferes with successful communication. Noise is more than screeching or loud music when you are trying to work online. Biases that lead to incorrect decoding, for example, are noise, as is a page torn out of a magazine story you want to read.

7.  Medium (pl. media) –is the means of sending information.

8.  Mass medium – is a technology that carries messages to a large number of people—as newspapers carry the printed word and radio conveys the sound of music and news

9.  Mass communication – is the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences.

10.  inferential feedback. It can be feedback from viewers to the creators of the TV program using ratings. As a result, these executives can only infer what they must do to improve programming;

11.  Cultural definition of communicationis a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed.

12. Culture –  is the world made meaningful. It resides all

around us; it is socially constructed and maintained

through communication. It limits as well as liberates us;it differentiates as well as unites us. It defines our realities and shapes the ways we think, feel, and act.

· Culture lends significance to human experience by selecting from and organizing it. It refers broadly to the forms through which people make sense of their lives, rather than more narrowly to the opera or art of museums. (Rosaldo, 1989)

· Culture is the medium evolved by humans to survive. Nothing is free from cultural influences. It is the keystone in civilization’s arch and is the medium through which all of life’s events must flow. We are culture. (Hall, 1976)

· Culture is an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbolic forms by means of which [people] communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life. (Geertz, as cited in Taylor, 1991)

· Culture is the learned, socially acquired traditions and lifestyles of the members of a society, including their patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Harris, 1983)

13.   dominant culture (mainstream culture) – the one that seems to hold sway with the majority of people—is often openly challenged. People do meet, find attractive, like, and even love people who do not fit the standard image of beauty

14.  Bounded culture (co-culture) – smaller culture within a large one.

15. Smartphone – a device with an advanced operating system.

16. App – an application, especially as downloaded by a user to a mobile device.

17. Technological determinism – the idea that it is machines and their development that drive economic and cultural change.

18. Media literacy – the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication.

19. Literacy – the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use written symbols.

20. Multiple points of access – the ability to approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning.

21. Third-person effect – the common attitude that others are influenced by media messages but that we are not.

22. Genre – a term referring to the categories of expression within the different media.

23. Conventions – certain distinctive, standardized style elements that characterize certain genre.

24. Production values – the choice of lighting, editing, special effects, music, camera angle, location on the page, and size and placement of headline.

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

Culture –  is the world made meaningful. Culture defines us by helping us classify and organize our experience, helps define the world around us. Culture comprises of customs, norms, values, and traditions of a particular society or part of that society.

It resides all around us; it is socially constructed and maintained communication. It limits as well as liberates us; it differentiates as well as unites us. It defines our realities and shapes the ways we think, feel, and act.

· Culture lends significance to human experience by selecting from and organizing it. It refers broadly to the forms through which people make sense of their lives, rather than more narrowly to the opera or art of museums. (Rosaldo, 1989)

· Culture is the medium evolved by humans to survive. Nothing is free from cultural influences. It is the keystone in civilization’s arch and is the medium through which all of life’s events must flow. We are culture. (Hall, 1976)

· Culture is an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbolic forms by means of which [people] communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life. (Geertz, as cited in Taylor, 1991)

· Culture is the learned, socially acquired traditions and lifestyles of the members of a society, including their patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Harris, 1983)

2. What is communication? What is mass communication?
Communication – is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver. For over 60 years now, this view of communication has been identified with the writing of political scientist Harold Lasswell (1948). He said that a convenient way to describe communication is to answer these questions:
• Who? • Says what? • Through which channel? • To whom? • With what effect?
“Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed ” (James W. Carey).
Mass communication is the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audience
3. What are encoding and decoding? How do they differ when technology enters the communication process?
Encoding – the process of transforming the message into an understandable sign and symbol system. A message is first encoded, that is, transformed into an understandable sign and symbol system. Speaking is encoding, as are writing, printing, and filming a television program.
Decoding – the process of interpreting the signs and symbols after receiving the message. Once received, the message is decoded; that is, the signs and symbols are interpreted. Decoding occurs through listening, reading, or watching that television show.

4. What does it mean to say that communication is a reciprocal process?
The Osgood–Schramm model demonstrates the ongoing and reciprocal nature of the communication process. Reciprocal process means that there is, no source, no receiver, and no feedback. The reason is that, as communication is happening, both interpreters are simultaneously source and receiver. There is no feedback because all messages are presumed to be in reciprocation of other messages.

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