helix A spiral bend placed in an orthodontic archwire in the shape of a closed circle.

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hemisectionThe procedure of sectioning a multirooted tooth, most commonly the mandibular molar.

Herbst appliance Fixed or removable appliance designed to effect an orthopedic change of the mandible much like an activator. The appliance obliges the jaw to function in an anterior position to stimulate sagittal correction of Class II malocclusions. It is named for Emil Herbst.

high angle malocclusionA general term applied to a craniofacial pattern in which growth is more vertical than normal; more specifically, a patient with an unfavorable steep angle of the lower border of the mandible. See hyperdivergent.

high-pull headgear A (primarily) extraoral appliance that transmits force to a facebow, J-hooks, or chin cap so that, from a sagittal perspective, the cited force includes a superiorly directed component.

HMO See Health Maintenance Organization.

hinge axis The axis of mandibular rotation in the initial opening movement; usually passing through the mandibular condyles; in gnathologic terms, the most retruded position of the condyle in the glenoid fossa from which functional movements initiate. (also called transverse horizontal axis).

holding arch See lingual arch.

Hooke's law The ratio of mechanical stress to mechanical strain is a constant, as in an elastic modulus of material.

hooks Attachments soldered or welded to archwires for the placement of elastics, headgear, or elastic chains.

hypercementosisAn excessive deposition of cementum.

hyperdivergent A facial pattern which includes a high angle of the mandible to Frankfurt plane, possibly a prognathic maxilla, a retrognathic mandible, tendency to open bite, lip incompetence and often a long, sloping forehead.

hyperplasia Tissue enlargement through multiplication of cells, often a response to inflammation or drugs.

hypertrophy An increase in tissue bulk due to an increase in size of the tissue elements.

hypodivergent A facial pattern characterized by a low mandibular plane angle, generally favorable horizontal skeletal relationships, maxillary retrusion, deep overbite of the incisor teeth, a prominent chin, a short nose and a straight or concave profile.

hypodontia Congenital absence of one or more teeth.

hypoplasia Incomplete development of a tissue or structure.

hysteresis The lagging or delay in the effect of a system’s change. In orthodontics, the term is often used for the load deflection curve of the superelastic wires where there is separation between the loading and unloading curves. 

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iatrogenic An unfavorable response induced by a therapeutic effort.

ideal occlusion A theoretical placement of the teeth in the dental arches which maximizes esthetics function, stability and longevity of the dentition and supporting structures.

idiopathic Pain, disease or disorder of unknown causation.

imaging The process of acquiring representations of structures in either two or three dimensions.

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