Oral hygiene and the prevention of dental disease

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(СТОМАТОЛОГІЧНА ПОЛІКЛІНІКА)

Exercise 1. Read and translate:

dispensary, primary, secondary, alimentary.

1) Read and translate the medical terms.

aetiology      [i:ti'olod3i]                polyclinic       [polik`linik]

anodyne       [` ænoudain]            procedure       [pro`si:d3ә]

denture         [`dent∫ә ]                restorative [res'toretiv]

palpation      [pæl`pei∫n]                test      [test]                      pathogenesis [.pæθo`d3enisis]              visual                          [`vizjuәl]

2) Read, translate and learn the following words and word combinations.

bite                   [bait]                      fit            [fit]

dental surgery [`sә:d3әri]             history taking

determine        [di`tә:min]            perform [pә'fo:m]

discover          [dis`kΛvә]              reveal [ri' vi:l]

fear                   [fiә]                       sensation       [sen`sei∫n]

Exercise 2. Insert the necessary words given below.

1. A stomatological polyclinic is well-planned and ... .

2. In any polyclinic there are some ... .

3. The specialists of the polyclin­ic perform all ....

4. First of all it is necessary to make a correct ... .

5. Different procedure ... to establish a diagnosis.

6. Tooth treatment is sometimes a very ... procedure.

7. With an early stage cavity the tooth is usually ... right without any pain.

8. Dentists are investigating new ... of dental treatment.

9. The causes of ... are very difficult to be determined.

(dental surgeries, diagnosis, painful, to be used, to be set, kinds of dental work, comfortable, caries, techniques).

Exercise 3.Topic vocabulary:

to render an aid – надавати допомогу

modern conveniences – сучасні зручності

electropathic room – фізіотерапевтичний кабінет

to perform - проводити

fit - приладжування

to restorе – відновляти

palpation – пальпація

Exercise 4. Read the text and divide it into logical parts.

               AT THE STOMATOLOGICAL POLYCLINIC

Dental aid is usually rendered at stomatological polyclinics. As a rule a stomatological polyclinic is well-planned and com­fortable. It has all modern conveniences. There are many dental surgeries, a laboratory, an X-ray room, an electropathic room and other rooms here. Many specialists work here. They perform all kinds of dental work: the treatment of diseases of the dental pulp, extractions and laboratory tests, correcting the bite, the treatment of gum diseases, the design and fit of bridgework and dentures to replace missing teeth, all kinds of restorative work. Before the treatment of a disease it is necessary to make a diagnosis, determine its aetiology, patho­genesis as well as the symptoms by which it can be revealed.

A number of different procedures are used to make a diagnosis: history taking, physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, laboratory studies, instrumental studies, for example, X-ray examination and others.

Dental treatment is at times a very painful procedure. If a cavity is discovered at an early stage, the tooth can be set right without any pain. Only when it is neglected the patient has some unpleasant sensations. Dentists try to do something about this. They envolve new methods of dental treatment and new anodynes. Soon people will forget everything about their fears.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

 Exercise 1. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word

combinations.

1. як правило 2. усі сучасні зручності З. рентген-лабораторія 4. виправлення прикусу 5. відсутні зуби 6. мости та зубні протези 7. поставити діагноз 8. низка процедур 9. анамнез 10. без болю 11. неприємний 12. анестетик. 13. забувати

Exercise 2. Quote the sentences in which the following words and word com­binations are used in the text.

to be rendered, an electropathic room, gum diseases, instru mental study, at times, to be discovered, to be neglected, to do something about, soon.

Exercise 3. Read the text, translate it using a dictionary. Describe the dental surgery in short.

AT THE DENTAL SURGERY

If it is necessary the dentists treat the patients at dental surgeries. A modern dental surgery is a large and light hall. One can see some uni­versal equipment here to fulfill the needs of the dentist. First of all there are units including engines with arm-chairs for the patients. These are quite modern easy-to-use dental unit sys­tems. The patients can sit or lie in the arm-chair. There are also small chairs for the dentists, they are movable and comfortable. There is an instrument table or an instrument holder near every arm-chair. It can be easily moved to be at the dentist's dispos­al. You can see some instruments on it. Usually there is a tray with a set of instruments such as: an explorer, a mixing pad, a pincett, a dental mirror, a probe and some others.

There are also instrument cupboards with many instruments in them. We can see temporary filling materials, composites, cements, glass-ionomers, bonding systems for restoration work; reamers, files, paper and guttapercha points, seals for endodontics; splints, trays, matrixes, impression materials for orthopaedic work; dental cotton rolls, rubber dam, prophy paste, saliva ejector for hygienic purposes. Hygiene is very important in the work of a dentist, that's why all the instruments are careful­ly cleaned or disinfected.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions.

1. Where is dental aid usually rendered?

2. What does any den­tal clinic have?

3. What kinds of dental work do dentists per­form?

4. When is it necessary to make a diagnosis?

5. What pro­cedures are used to establish a diagnosis?

6. Is dental treat­ment always painful?

   7. When does a patient have unpleasant sensations?

8. Do dentists do anything about it?

   9. Why do they use new anodynes?

10. What will people forget about soon?

Exercise 5. Insert articles where necessary. Translate the sentences.

1. ... stomatological polyclinics are well-planned and comfort­able. 2. Any polyclinic has ... dental surgeries, ... laboratory, ... X-room, ... electropathic room and others. 3. ... treatment of diseases of ... dental pulp is very important. 4. Before the treat­ment one must make ... diagnosis. 5. ... number of different pro­cedures are necessary for making ... diagnosis of caries. 6. If a cavity is treated at ... early stage it can be painless. 7. Unpleasant sensations are connected with ... neglected tooth disorder. 8. Preventing tooth decay is ... very difficult problem.

Exercise 6. Using the following words make up sentences.

different, many, to help, procedures, to make, a, diagnosis, correct.

polyclinic, the, of, dentists, the, kinds, perform, all, of, work, dental.

treatment, to be, tooth, a, procedure, sometimes, very, painful.

try, treat, to, dentists, any, without, pain, new, using, ano­dynes,

the, patients.

Exercise 7.Make up 10 questions to the text “At the Dental Surgery” and answer them.

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. Якщо у пацієнта болить зуб, то він іде до стоматологічної поліклініки. 2. В стоматологічній поліклініці надають різні види допомоги. 3. В стоматологічній поліклініці обладнано кілька стоматологічних кабінетів, де лікарі лікують захворювання пульпи, відновлюють хворі зуби, роблять поротезування, виправляють прикус. 4. Щоб правильно поставити діагноз, треба знати етіологію, патогенез и симптоми захворювання. 5. Фізичний огляд, лабораторні дослідження, рентгенологічні обстеження посідають важливе місце у встановленні правильного діагнозу. 6.Лікування зубів не завжди безболісне. 7. Якщо зуб дуже пошкодженний, то пацієнт зазнає неприємних відчуттів. 8. Стоматологи застосовують анестетики, щоб пацієнти забули про зубний біль. 9. Якщо порожнина невелика, то зуб можна вилікувати без болю, тому варто постійно тримати ротову порожнину у належному стані.

10. ORAL HYGIENE

ГІГІЄНА РОТОВОЇ ПОРОЖНИНИ

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

hygiene , entail , plaque  remnant ['remnant], inconvenient ,substitute [sΛbstitju:t], method , detergent , alternative ,additional .

Exercise 2 . Learn the following words:

Measure                 ['me ə]                 засіб

Remnant                         ['remnant]                        залишки

Debris              ['debri]              відкладення, наліт

Occasion                [ə'kei n]                випадок

Plain                      [plein]        простий

Raw                                 [ ]                                свіжий, сирий

Rinse                     [rins]                      ополіскування

Firm                                 [fə:m]                               твердий

Substitute                        [sΛbstitju:t]                     замінник

Tough              [tΛf]                                 жорсткий

Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:

1. Resistance of teeth to disease

1. Першопричина карієсу та захворювань пародонту

2. The primary cause of caries and periodontal disease

2. Стійкість зубів до захворювань

3. Satisfactory alternative to brushing

3. Полоскання рота звичайною водою

4. Plain water mouth rinse

4. Усунення залишків їжі

5. Elimination of food stagnation

5.Утримання зубів чистими від залишків їжі

6. Keeping the teeth free from food debris

6.Задовільна альтернатива чищенню

Exercise 4.Give Russian equivalent to the following word combinations:

Dental disorders, elimination of food stagnation, bacterial irritation, dental health education, resistance of teeth to disease, detergent food, by virtue of…, tough fibrous consistency, to scour the teeth clean of food remnants, a plain water mouth rinse, food particles, a satisfactory alternative to brushing, an additional measure.

Exercise 5.Translate into Ukrainian using Active or Passive voice:

1. Every tooth (to insert) into the jaw by its root.
2. Dentine (to occupy) the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain.
3. Because the important tooth comes through at such an early date and (not to replace) a temporary tooth, it (to overlook) and (to permit) to decay.
4. The duct from the parotid gland (to pass forward) through the check to open into the buccal sulcus.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

Most dental disorders arise from two basic diseases of the teeth
and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental
disease therefore entails elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause
of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and
calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene; preventive dentistry; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth to disease.

Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free from food debris,² thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way³ of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food (raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc.) By virtue of their tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and thereby scour the teeth clean of food remnants. It may be inconvenient to brush the teeth or eat an apple after meals when you are not at home. On such occasions a plain water mouth rinse, which can be swallowed afterwards, is better than nothing. Of all these methods of cleaning teeth, tooth brushing is the most effective. When properly done⁴ it removes plaque, whereas detergent foods can only clean away loose food particles. Detergent foods or mouth rinsing is not a satisfactory alternative to brushing; it is an additional measure at the end of a meal, or a substitute when brushing is not possible.

¹which in turn — який, в свою чергу…

²keeping the teeth free from food debris — утримування зубів чистими від                                                                             залишків їжі

³the only way — єдиний шлях

⁴when properly done — за умови правильного виконання

Exercise 7.Answer the questions:

1. What do most disorders arise from?
2. Why does prevention of dental disease entail elimination of food stagnation?
3. What does food stagnation cause?
4. What methods of prevention do you know?
5. How can plaque formation be prevented?
6. What is oral hygiene?
7. Why is cleaning best performed by brushing?
8. How can food debris be removed if brushing is not possible?
9. What detergent food can you name?
10. What one must do if brushing or eating an apple is not possible?
11. Is plain water mouth rinse a satisfactory alternative to brushing?
12. What is the most effective method of cleaning teeth?
13. When does tooth brushing remove plaque?

Exercise 8.    Translate the following words putting each of them into the                                        appropriate column of the table according to the part of speech they                       belong to:

Dental, basic, rinse, particle, debris, , to substitute, free ,to remove, periodontal, simply, primary, to clean, brushing, bacterial, to brush, oral, possible, оn , regularly, can, cleaning , to rinse meal, detergent, after, raw, firm, tough, mouth, at, fibrous, measure, inconvenient, effective, of, clean, consistency, from, satisfactory, additional, properly, to do.

Noun

Verb

Preposition

Adjective

Adverb

measure

to do

of

firm

properly

…

…

…

…

…

Exercise 9. Explain the following terms in English:

Oral hygiene, alveolar abscess, pulpitis,  normal occlusion.

Exercise 10.Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and                        word combinations:

Прямо або опосередковано; зубний наліт; призводити до ...; уникнути; залишки їжі; утримувати зуби чистими від нальоту; сирий; за рахунок; де-небудь іще ; полоскання ротової порожнини водою; краще , ніж ніщо; чищення зубів зубною щіткою; тверді продукти; додатковий захід.

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