At the stomatological polyclinic

↑

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 3Следующая ⇒

HISTORY OF DENTISTRY

ІСТОРІЯ СТОМАТОЛОГІЇ

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and memorize the words:

Decay [di'kei], premature ['premətʃə], promote [prə'məut], ancient       ['einʃənt], appearance [e'piərəns].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary. Read the words and word combinations:

Decay                                руйнування

Premature tooth loss         передчасна втрата зубів     

Bow drill                                       лучковий бур

Bead craftsman                             бусинковий ремісник

Tooth worm                                  зубний черв’як

Promote                                        підтримувати, сприяти

Ancient                                         давній, античний

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following word combinations:

Tooth decay, as far back as, tooth related disorders, to cure diseases, reconstruction, an evidence of the belief, ancient chronicles, periodontal diseases, ancients civilization.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of Tenses and make           questions to the underlined words:

1. The X-ray examination has already revealed the inflammation in the 3d left lower molar.

2. The duration of the surgery depends on the severity of the disease.

3. About 740 million people in the world have caries.

4. The Etruscans designed false teeth out of ivory and bone that were inserted into the mouth by gold bridge.

5. The first local anesthetic used in dentistry was Cocaine, introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller (1857-1944) in 1884.

6. Alfred Einkorn was researching an easy-to-use and safe local anesthesia to use on soldiers during wartime.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

HISTORY OF DENTISTRY

Dental diseases have remained remarkably similar throughout history. Decay, toothaches, periodontal disease and premature tooth loss were documented in ancient chronicles. The exact time that dental art made its appearance isn't known; however, there is a proof of its existence among the civilizations of Egypt, Etruscans of Central Italy, Assyrians, China, etc.

The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan has evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen. The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.

A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries. Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the writings of Homer, and as late as the 1300s AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.

Exercise 6. Make up 5 special questions to the text and answer them.

Exercise 7. Approve or contradict the following:

1. Dental diseases have changed a lot since ancient times.

2. There is an evidence of dental practice dated back up to 1000 BC.

3. The earliest form of dentistry included tooth filling, caries curing, treatment of periodontal diseases and so on.

4. An Egyptian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.

5. The ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective.

6. In the 1300s BC the surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.

Exercise 8. Insert preposition where necessary:

1. It was about a "tooth worm" … the cause … dental caries in the text from 5000 BC.

2. Pictures … a drill are found … many tomb paintings of ancient Egypt.

3. The Papyrus Ebers, found … Egypt, contained eleven remedies that related directly … problems with the teeth.

4. Some of the most amazing discoveries turned out to be similar … modern day orthodontics and periodontics.

5. The molars were bound together … gold wire.

6. Sometimes when skeletons are unearthed that have been in the ground … 2000 years and they have some teeth, the teeth usually look … very good condition.

Exercise 9. Translate sentences into English:

1. Стародавні рецепти для зубної пасти мали такі інгредієнти, як кістки, пемзу, хоча немає ніяких згадок про зубну щітку.

2. Греки використовували м'яту, яка є інгредієнтом зубної пасти для нас й сьогодні.

3. Дослідження мумій показало, що багато єгиптян страждали карієсом і поразками ясен.

4. Етруски, які приблизно в той же час населяли Центральну Італію, стали першими в зубному протезуванні.

5. Першим спеціалізованим стоматологічним інструментом були щипці для екстракції зубів.

Exercise 10. Render the text in 5 sentences.

PART II

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and memorize the words:

Forceps ['fɔ:seps], appliance [ə'plaiəns], pulpitis  [pəl'paitis], edentulism [i'dentʃϳulizm], pericementitis ['peri'sementaitis], barbers ['bɑ:bə].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary. Read the words and word combinations:

Extraction                                     видалення

Forceps                                         щипці

Consumption                     вживання

Dental appliances                          стоматологічний інструмент

Bridges                                         міст

Gift                                               дар

Restorative dentistry         терапевтична стоматологія

Pulpitis                                          пульпіт

Pulp chamber                    пульпова камера

Pericementitis                    періодонтіт

Centrals                                         центральні зуби

Cuspids                                         ікли (зуби)

Molars                               корінні зуби

Barbers                                          перукар, цирульник

Resemble pelican beak                  нагадувати дзьоб пелікана

Edentulism                                    беззубість

Exercise 3. Express in one word:

Pulpitis

a dental plate containing one or more artificial teeth that are secured to the surrounding natural teeth

Drill

a tooth having one point

Bridge

any of the teeth at the back of the jaw used for crushing and chewing food

Cuspid

rotating tool that in inserted into drill machine

Molar

inflammation of the pulp

Exercise 4. Open the brackets, putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form                          and translate the sentences:

1. I (to suffer) never from such a horrible headache.

2. Your rapid recovery (to depend) on properly administered treatment.

3. Last night she (to have) an attack of acute pain in the left lower molar.

4. The blood (to drop) slowly from the wound.

5. Dentists (to achieve) much progress in treating periodontal diseases in recent years.

6. The earliest types of dentistry (to include) treatment of dental diseases mostly by tooth extraction.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

HISTORY OF DENTISTRY

The first known dentist was an Egyptian named Hesi-Re (3000 B.C.). He was the chief toothist to the Pharaohs. He was also a physician, indicating an association between medicine and dentistry.

At about the same time there was also the first evidence of a surgical operation in Egypt.

Though the contribution of the Greeks was mostly on the medical side, the ancient Greek physicians, such as Hippocrates, Aristotle wrote about dentistry, advised cleaning of teeth, described extraction forceps, stated that consumption of sweets produce decay.

The first use of dental appliances or bridges comes from the Etruscans from as early as 700 BC. 

The Romans were not especially gifted in their dental art. They borrowed their medicine from the Greeks and restorative dentistry from the Etruscans.

But there were several physicians who made a great contribution into the dentistry.

Archigenus recognized pulpitis, invented the dental drill to open into pulp chamber.

Galen was the first to recognize that a toothache could be pulpitis and pericementitis. He classified teeth into centrals, cuspids and molars.

At the onset of the Middle Ages, barbers became physicians and dentists. Their practice was limited to extracting teeth which relieved pain and chronic tooth infection.

In the 14th century, French surgeon Guy de Chauliac was first to coin the term dentator and dentists. The English term dentist came from his original terms.

He also invented the dental pelican (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used up until the late 18th century.

Before restorative dental care was popular (or possible), the only treatment for dental pain was extraction of the teeth, resulting in partial or complete edentulism. Unfortunately in those times there were no materials or techniques for making good dentures.

But in 1400 Giovanni de Arcoli was the first to fill teeth with gold.

In 17th century French physician Pierre Fauchard started dentistry science as we know it today, and he has been named "the father of modern dentistry".

Exercise 6. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations and                               make 5 sentences of your own:

Терапевтична стоматологія, приводити до часткової беззубісті, хронічна зубна інфекція, великий внесок, вживання солодощів, Середньовіччя, наявність, руйнування зубів.

Exercise 7. Skim the text and look for the answers to the following questions:

1. Who was Hesi-Re?

2. What is Greeks contribution into the dentistry?

3. What were the Etruscans famous for?

4. What famous Roman dentists do you know?

5. Who invented dental drill?

6. What was Galen’s discoveries?

7. Who coined the term “dentist”?

8. What did the treatment of teeth usually result in?

9. What was Giovanni de Arcoli’s invention?

Exercise 8. Choose the proper continuation of the following sentences:

1. The first known dentist was …

2. … wrote about dentistry, advised cleaning of teeth and extractions, described extraction forceps and so on.

3. The first dental appliances were used by …

4. Galen classified teeth into …

5. Archigenus invented …

6. … invented the dental pelican.

7. In ancient times the only treatment for dental pain was …

8. Pierre Fauchard has been named …

Exercise 9. Translate sentences into English:

1. Стародавні римляни запозичили деякі вміння етруських дантистів, проте нічого особливого до них не додали.

2. Римський лікар Архиген вперше описав ознаки пульпіту і винайшов особливе свердло, котре він використовував для проникнення в зубну порожнину.

3. Відомий французький хірург 14 сторіччя Гі де Шоліак ввів термін "дантист”, удосконалив зуболікарські щипці та став пломбувати зуби золотом.

4. Проте аж до 17 століття зуболікування зводилося переважно до видалення хворих зубів, яким найчастіше займалися не медики, а цирульники.

5. Як медична спеціальність, стоматологія зародилася в Європі лише на межі 17 і 18 сторіч.

MODERN DENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Whizzing [wiziŋ], replicate [replikeit], capture    [kæptʃə], exposure [ikspəυʃə], conventional [kənvenʃənlə], obsolete     [obsəli:t], unsurpassed       [ʌnsɜ:pa:sd], precision [pri'siʃən], virtually [vɜ:tjuəli], ultimate       [ʌltimit].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Digital                              цифровий

to ease                               полегшувати

option                    вибір

to postpone                       відкладати

shrill                                  різкий

to induce                           спонукати

benefit                               користь

to replicate                        копіювати

conventional          звичайний

obsolete                             застарілий

suture-free                         без шва

to capture                          захоплювати (рос. улавливать)

Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Modern dental technologies; bone replacement; air abrasion; digital x-rays; dental lasers ; sedation dentistry; painful procedures; the variety and availability of dental technology; dental appointments; the dreaded whizzing noises; hard-to-reach places; composite dental materials; natural-looking results; a computer screen; unsurpassed precision in the treatment; a virtually suture-free operation; painless healing; the ultimate dental technology; complex procedures; to numb the CNS.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

MODERN DENTAL TECHNOLOGIES

Modern dental technologies such as air abrasion, bone replacement, digital x-rays, dental lasers and sedation dentistry have greatly changed our experience of going to the dentist. Instead of painful procedures and *hit-or-miss methods, the availability of digital x-rays and dental lasers makes dental care more cost-effective and precise.

For those who experience extreme fear and dread over visits to the dentist, sedation dentistry, in which a patient is given relaxing sedatives to ease tensions and pain, provides a modern option for care. The variety and availability of dental technology has made it so that you no longer have a good excuse for postponing your dental appointments.

Air Abrasion

Air abrasion is a dental technology that is an alternative to the drill, without the dreaded whizzing noises. Treating small cavities, removing hardened plaque and cleaning hard-to-reach places (such as the surface area between teeth) are all jobs performed through air abrasion.

Bone Replacement

Bone replacement is a dental technology that can be used to help people suffering from bone loss or those requiring tooth extractions. Most commonly, bone is taken from another part of the body and is used for its platelet-rich growth factors, which can induce bone tissue to grow and help heal teeth with low bone density.

Mouth cancer patients who need to replace parts of their mouth that have been removed are one group of people who benefit from bone replacement.

Composite Dental Materials

Composite dental materials can be used to fill cavities, as well as to rebuild and restore teeth in natural ways. These materials are continually being improved to replicate tooth color more precisely and to hold their shape better.

Digital X-Rays

Computer technology and dentistry have come together in the digital x-ray, a piece of dental technology that captures dental images through sensors and transmits the data to a computer screen for analysis. Digital x-rays greatly reduce patients' radiation exposure and are easier to use on the patient than conventional x-ray methods.

Dental Lasers

Dental lasers offer unsurpassed precision in the treatment of tumors, cold sores, decay removal and dental fillings. Using concentrated light energy to operate on a variety of conditions, dental lasers offer reduced discomfort during surgery and a virtually suture-free operation. Nearly painless healing is another benefit of using dental lasers.

Sedation Dentistry

Sedation dentistry is the ultimate dental technology because it allows patients to undergo dental work without anxiety, pain or discomfort.

Sedation dentistry uses anesthesia to numb the central nervous system, producing a relaxed sensation that makes the patient feel sleepy and aids the dentist’s work in complex procedures.

*Hit-or-miss – випадковий, зроблений аби як, неточний; навмання (рос. как                  попало, кое-как, беспорядочно, бессистемно, наугад, наудачу, наобум).

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations into English. Make up                        the sentences of your own:

Методи лікування навмання; спричиняти оніміння; розслаблене відчуття; заколисливий, що наганяє сон; тривога, неспокій, турбота; неперевершена чіткість, точність; пропасниця (рос. лихорадка) на губах; чутливі елементі; передавати данні; піддавання радіації (випромінюванню); цифрове рентгенівське проміння; копіювати колір зубів; жахливий шум дзижчання; мати користь; фактори швидкого росту тромбоцитів.

Exercise 6. Skim the text and look for the answers to the following questions:

1. What are the main modern dental technologies?

2. What technologies make dental care more cost-effective and precise?

3. What provides a modern option for care for those who experience extreme fear and dread over visits to the dentist?

4. What are all jobs performed through air abrasion?

5. What is a bone replacement?

6. What for can composite dental materials be used?

7. What are the advantages of the Digital x-rays?

8. Where Dental lasers may be used?

9. What is another benefit of using dental lasers?

10. Why is sedation dentistry considered to be the ultimate dental technology?

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences using the text:

1. Modern dental technologies such as air abrasion, bone replacement, digital x-rays, dental lasers and sedation dentistry have greatly changed our experience …

2. Instead of…. and *hit-or-miss methods, the availability of digital x-rays and dental lasers makes dental care more cost-effective and precise.

3. … are all jobs performed through air abrasion.

4. … is a dental technology that can be used to help people suffering from bone loss or those requiring tooth extractions.

5. Composite dental materials can be used to … teeth in natural ways.

6. Digital x-rays are easier to use on the patient than …

7. Nearly… is another benefit of using dental lasers.

8. Sedation dentistry uses anesthesia to numb the …

Exercise 8. Insert the prepositions and translate the following sentences into                     Ukrainian:

1. Prior …a dental examination, a patient should provide an updated medical and dental history… the dentist.

2. The shrill, distinctive sound … the traditional dental drill is what many people recall when feeling fearful of a trip… the dentist.

3. The advancements … materials engineering has made the use … composite dental materials widely available.

4. After an examination, patients may be advised … the proper method … brushing and flossing their teeth.

5. Producing natural-looking results while closing off cavities … further decay is the goal … using composite dental materials.

6. Certain treatments may be recommended, depending … the findings … the examination.

7. … addition, they make the need … processing times and photo labs obsolete, reducing the cost to the patient and allowing for multiple digital x-rays to be taken … added costs.

8. Some treatments (e.g., fillings, crowns) may be performed … the dentist, while others (e.g., root canals, braces) may require a visit … a specialist (e.g., endodontist, orthodontist).

Exercise 9. Make up the questions to the underlined words:

1. Patients who perform proper dental hygiene at home still benefit from dental examinations.

2. Dental experts recommend that people visit their dentist for an examination and cleaning twice a year.

3. Patients may also wish to speak to their dentist about any fear, anxiety or special concerns (e.g., a sensitive gag reflex).

4. The use of fluoride may also be encouraged.

5. A comprehensive examination is likely to be done during an initial visit to a dentist, or upon changing dentists.

6. To maintain a sterile environment, dentists and their assistants don gloves and masks.

7. The dentist feels the lymph nodes on the face and neck, and checks the entire oral cavity—including the hard and soft palates, tongue, cheeks, lips, and floor of the mouth—for irregularities.

8. The deeper the pocket, the greater the chance for tooth loss, unless treatment is begun.

Exercise 10. Tell in detail about the main Modern dental technologies

Познавательные статьи:



Где возникла философия и почему?

Относительная высота сжатой зоны бетона

Сущность проекции Гаусса-Крюгера и использование ее в геодезии

Тарифы на перевозку пассажиров