Structurally or lexically dependent usage.

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The modal verb MUST generally means deduction or conclusion that something is certain, and necessity or obligation.

1/Informative Usage.

· MUST is used to express real necessity. In affirmative statements, we can use must to say what is necessary.

e.g. I really must stop smoking.

· MUST is used to express general necessity.

e.g. People must be polite.

· It is possible to use MUST to express logical necessity.

e.g. Bad seeds produce bad corn.

· MUST is used in statements expressing sudden necessity due to the circumstances.

e.g. Oh! I must hurry!

· MUST is usually not used to express past necessity and obligation. This is because must is used mainly to influence people's behaviour for example through orders or advice - and one cannot do this in the past. HAD TO is used to talk about past necessity and obligations.

e.g. I had to cycle three miles to school when I was a child.

· MUST is not used to talk about future obligations or necessity, we use WILL HAVE TO instead.

e.g. When you leave the school you will have to find a job.

· MUST is used in public notices or documents expressing commands. MUST can express rules and regulations (formal).

e.g. Cyclists must dismount.

Dogs must be carried.

· In questions, we use must to ask about what the hearer thinks is necessary.

e.g. Must I clean all the rooms?

It is possible to use “Must you..?” “Do you have to…?” meaning “Can’t you stop yourself…?”

e.g. Must you always interrupt me when I am speaking?

· MUST is not used in negative structures to express the lack of necessity. The idea is expressed by NEEDN’T, DON’T NEED TO, DON’T HAVE TO.

e.g. You don’t have to work tomorrow if you don’t want to.

· MUST can be used in reported speech after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense.

e.g. I felt there must be something wrong.

He said that he must leave at once.

2/Inferential usage.

· MUST expresses near certainty about the present, supposition close to assurance, supposition implying strong probability. MUST can be used to express the deduction or conclusion that something is certain or highly probable: it is normal or logical, there are excellent reason for believing it, or it is the only possible explanation for what is happening.

e.g. I am in love. – You must be very happy.

Mary must have a problem – she keeps crying.

· We can use must have + past participle to express certainty about the past.

e.g. We went to Rome last month. - That must have been nice.

A woman phoned while you were out. - It must have been Kate.

· To talk about the future we do not use MUST. Synonymic expressions are used instead:

ü to be likely to

ü to be sure to

ü to be bound to

ü surely

ü probably

e.g. He will surely stay with us for a couple of days.

· MUST is not often used to express certainty in negative clauses. We normally use cannot/can't to say that something is certainly not the case, because it islogically or practically impossible, or extremely improbable.

e.g. She's not answering the phone. She can't be at home.(I am almost sure that she is not at home)

They can’t have got lost. (I am sure they haven’t)

However, MUSTN’T is used in question tags after MUST.

e.g. It must be nice to be a cat, mustn't it?

· The negative meaning can also be conveyed with the help of synonymic structures.

e.g. He must have failed to get in touch with her.

No one must have told him about it.

3/ Imperative usage.

· Emphatic advice.

e.g. You mustn’t miss the chance.

· Order, direct command.

e.g. You must be careful crossing the street.

You must be back by 10.

· Prohibition.

e.g. You mustn’t do it.

You must not go home alone.

· Invitation

e.g. You must come and see my new flat!

We must have lunch together some time.

· Complains in rhetorical questions.

e.g. Why must you make so much noise?

(Зачем так шуметь?)

MUST can have ironical shade in sentences like:

Of course after I gave her my advice she must go and do the opposites.

(Она вдруг пойди и сделай наоборот)

NB! must and have to

In statements about obligation with must the obligation most often comes from the speaker (and in questions, from the hearer). To talk about an obligation that comes from 'outside' (for instance a regulation, or an order from somebody else), we usually prefer have to. Compare:

- I must do some more work; I want to pass my exam.

In my job I have to work from nine to five. (More natural than ... I must work from nine to five.)

- We must go to New York soon and see your mother.

My wife's an interpreter: she often has to go to New York. (More natural than ... she must often go to New York.)

- I must stop smoking. (I want to.)

I've got to stop smoking. (Doctor's orders.)

- This is a terrible party. We really must go home.

This is a lovely party, but we've got to go home because of the baby-sitter.

- I've got bad toothache. I must make an appointment with the dentist.

I can't come to work tomorrow morning because I've got to see the dentist.

- You really must go to church next Sunday - you haven't been for ages. (I am

telling you to.) Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. (Their religion tells them to.)

- Must you wear dirty old jeans all the time? (Is it personally important

for you?)

Do you have to wear a tie at work? (Is there a regulation?) Have to can also be used to talk about obligation coming from the speaker or hearer, in the same way as must. This is normal in American English (which uses must less often in this sense), and is becoming very common in British English.

I really have to stop smoking, (or / really must...)

Do I have to clean all the rooms? (or Must I...?)

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