And both are directly stated, therefore, Brahman is both the material and the operative cause — 133.

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SUTRA I. 4. 24.

अभिध्योपदेशाच्च॥१.४.२४॥

abhidhyopadeśācca ..1.4.24..

.. Abhidhya, will; reflection. … Upadeshat, on account of instruction or teaching, or statement Cha, and, on account of the statement of many creations.

24. Brahman is both the operative and the material cause of the universe, because of the statement that the creation is His will and because former creations were also from His will. — 132.

COMMENTARY

The force of «Cha» or «and» is to include creations that have gone before. The text says:

He wished, may I be many, may I grow forth. He brooded over himself (like a man performing penance). After he had thus brooded, He sent forth (created) all, whatever there is. Having sent forth, He entered into it. Having entered it, He became Sat (what is manifest), and Tyat (what is not manifest).

This also shows that from the Supreme Self comes out this universe, consisting of sentient and non-sentient beings, and dwelling in various localities, and all this is merely the result of the will of the Lord; so it is established, that He is the material as well as the operative cause of the universe in this creation, as well as in all the previous creations.

SUTRA I. 4. 25.

साक्षाच्चोभयाम्नानात्॥१.४.२५॥

sākṣāccobhayāmnānāt ..1.4.25..

… Sakshat, directly. .. Cha, and; (has the force of inclusion). Ubhaya, both (the material and the operative cause). …. Amnanat, because of direct statement.

COMMENTARY

The force of ‘Cha’ is here that of denoting inclusion. The scripture directly states that Brahman is alone the material as well as the operative cause of the world:

What was the tree, what wood in sooth produced it, from which they fashioned out the earth and heaven?

Ye thoughtful ones enquire within your spirit, whereon he stood when he established all things. Brahman was the wood, Brahman the tree from which, they shaped heaven and earth; ye wise ones, I tell you, it stood on Brahman, supporting the worlds, — Rig Veda, I., 81, 4. and Taitt. Brahmana, II., 8. 9. 6.

The question asked here, and the answer given, shows that Brahman is both the material and the operative cause of the universe. The «tree» here refers to the material cause, and its effects are heaven and earth. The Lord of the world created the heavens and the earth, from the tree which was its material cause, and that tree was Himself. «They fashioned» is in the plural number, but the sense is really «he fashioned». The anomaly of the plural number used for the singular is a Vedic license. The question is put from the worldly point of view, namely, what is the tree, what was the support of that tree, what was the support of the universe, what materials and instruments were used by Brahman when creating. To all these worldly questions the answer given is transcendental, and shows that Brahman is not to be judged by any worldly standard. He is transcendental in His attributes and substance, and thus is both the operative and the material cause of the universe.

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