with the Commentary of Medhatithi 186 страница

↑

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 192 из 350Следующая ⇒

VERSE 7.115

Section X - Internal Administration

ग्रामस्याधिपतिं कुर्याद् दशग्रामपतिं तथा ।
विंशतीशं शतेशं च सहस्रपतिमेव च ॥११५॥

grāmasyādhipatiṃ kuryād daśagrāmapatiṃ tathā |
viṃśatīśaṃ śateśaṃ ca sahasrapatimeva ca ||115||

He shall appoint the lord of one village, as also the lord of ten villages, the lord of twenty, the lord of hundred and the lord of thousand villages. — (115)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

To each village he shall appoint one lord; — above him, the ‘lord of ten villages’; and so on. — (115)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 248).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (12.87.3). — (The same idea as Manu; the wording being slightly different.)

Āpastamba (2.26.4, 5). — ‘He shall appoint men of the first three castes, who are pure and truthful over villages and towns, for the protection of the people. Their servants shall possess the same qualities.’

Viṣṇu. (3.7-10). — ‘He shall appoint chiefs or governors in every village; — also lords of every group of ten villages; — and lords of every group of hundred villages and lords of a whole district.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 249). — ‘He shall appoint men to offices, high, middling and low; he shall appoint the lord of a village, the lord of ten villages and the lord of hundred villages, as also the lord of a province.’

Āpastamba (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 949). — ‘In villages and in cities he shall appoint high-horn, pure and truthful men for the protection of the people.’

Śukranīti (1.383-386). — ‘A grāma, village, is that which has an area of one kroṣa and whose yield is 1,000 silver karṣas.’

VERSE 7.116-117

Section X - Internal Administration

ग्रामदोषान् समुत्पन्नान् ग्रामिकः शनकैः स्वयम् ।
शंसेद् ग्रामदशेशाय दशेशो विंशतीशिने ॥११६॥

विंशतीशस्तु तत् सर्वं शतेशाय निवेदयेत् ।
शंसेद् ग्रामशतेशस्तु सहस्रपतये स्वयम् ॥११७॥

grāmadoṣān samutpannān grāmikaḥ śanakaiḥ svayam |
śaṃsed grāmadaśeśāya daśeśo viṃśatīśine ||116||

viṃśatīśastu tat sarvaṃ śateśāya nivedayet |
śaṃsed grāmaśateśastu sahasrapataye svayam ||117||

Troubles arising in the village, the Village-lord shall himself gently report to the Lord of Ten villages; and the Lord of Ten villages to the Lord of Twenty; — (116) — the Lord of Twenty shall communicate it all to the Lord of Hundred; and the Lord of Hundred himself shall report it to the Lord of Thousand. — (117)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

(verses 7.116-117)

Those village-troubles that the Village-lord cannot settle himself, — he shall report to the Lord of Ten villages; and when this latter is unable to cope with them, they shall, in due course, be reported to the Lord of Thousand villages. — (116-117)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verse 7.116)

“This rule refers to offences with which the persons who report them are unable to deal (according to Medhātithi, Govindarāja, Kullūka and Rāghavānanda); Nārāyaṇa thinks that chiefly refusals to pay the revenue or disputes on such matters are meant” — Buhler.

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 250).

(verse 7.117)

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 250).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.116-117)

Mahābhārata (12.87.4, 5). — (Same as Manu.)

Viṣṇu (3.11-15). — ‘If any offence has been committed in a village, the lord of the village shall suppress the evil; if he is unable to do so, he shall report it to the lord of ten villages; if he too is unable, he shall report it to the lord of hundred villages; if he too is unable, he shall report it to the lord of the whole district; the lord of the district must eradicate the evil to the best of his power.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 250). — [The same as Viṣṇu, down to the ‘lord of the district,’ then] — The lord of the district shall report it to the king, if he is himself unable to deal with it; the king shall himself take the necessary measures, and protect the people of the province in every way.’

VERSE 7.118

Section X - Internal Administration

यानि राजप्रदेयानि प्रत्यहं ग्रामवासिभिः ।
अन्नपानेन्धनादीनि ग्रामिकस्तान्यवाप्नुयात् ॥११८॥

yāni rājapradeyāni pratyahaṃ grāmavāsibhiḥ |
annapānendhanādīni grāmikastānyavāpnuyāt ||118||

The Village-lord shall get daily those things that ought to be furnished to the King by the villagers, in the shape of food, drink, fuel and the rest. — (118)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This lays down the means of subsistence for the Village-lord. ‘Village-lord’ — the officer in charge of one village, — ‘shall get’ — obtain — ‘those things’ for his subsistence, which ‘ought to be furnished to the King by the villagers.’

‘Food etc.’ — i.e., the sixth or eighth part of the corn produced; — as is going to be prescribed under 10.120 etc. — (118)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 250), which explains the meaning to be that the ‘lord of the village’ should receive for his living only the food, drink and fuel and such other things as are due to be presented to the king, — and not the annual rent; — this annual rent being realised by the king himself through a trusted official.

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (2.87.6). — ‘The lord of the village shall take all the eatables that may be produced in the village he shall maintain the lord of ten villages who, in his turn, shall maintain the lord of a hundred villages.’

Śukranīti (1.631-635). — ‘The heads of villages are to receive one-twelfth of the income from the village, the army

is to be maintained by three such parts, charity with half such part, entertainment of the people with that same part; officers are to he paid out of half such part; and personal expenditure is to he met with half that part; the balance to go to swell the State Treasury.’

Mahābhārata (12.87.6-8). — ‘The Lord of hundred villages shall enjoy one village, which is large, prosperous and well-populated. The Lord of a thousand villages enjoys a Śākhā-nagara, a sub-city.’

VERSE 7119

Section X - Internal Administration

दशी कुलं तु भुञ्जीत विंशी पञ्च कुलानि च ।
ग्रामं ग्रामशताध्यक्षः सहस्राधिपतिः पुरम् ॥११९॥

daśī kulaṃ tu bhuñjīta viṃśī pañca kulāni ca |
grāmaṃ grāmaśatādhyakṣaḥ sahasrādhipatiḥ puram ||119||

The Lord of Ten villages shall enjoy one Kula and the Lord of Twenty villages twenty Kulas; the Lord of Hundred villages one whole village and the Lord of Thousand villages one town. — (119)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Daśi’ is the person in charge of Ten villages; so ‘Viṃśi’ also. The forms of the words are Vedic.

‘Kula’ — part of a village; known in some places as ‘haṭṭa’ and in others as ‘uṣṭa’.

Five times this land appertains to the Lord of Ten villages; and an entire village to the Lord of Hundred villages; and the ‘Town’ — city, to the Lord of a Thousand villages. The system is that the living should be determined in accordance with the position and duties of the officers. — (119)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Kulam’ — ‘A portion of the village, known in some places as ghaṭṭa, and in others as ‘uṣṭa’; — ‘as much land as can be cultivated with two ploughs’ (Kullūka); — ‘as much as is cultivated by one cultivator’ (Nandana).

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 251), which adds the following notes: — ‘Kulam’ is a portion of the village, called ‘pādukā,’ says Kalpataru: — others however hold that it stands for as much land as can be cultivated by two ploughs. That much of land he should have for his livelihood.

VERSE 7.120

Section X - Internal Administration

तेषां ग्राम्याणि कार्यानि पृथक्कार्याणि चैव हि ।
राज्ञोऽन्यः सचिवः स्निग्धस्तानि पश्येदतन्द्रितः ॥१२०॥

teṣāṃ grāmyāṇi kāryāni pṛthakkāryāṇi caiva hi |
rājño'nyaḥ sacivaḥ snigdhastāni paśyedatandritaḥ ||120||

The affairs of these officers pertaining to the villages, as also their individual affairs another minister of the King shall inspect, who is loyal and never idle. — (120)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

There may be differences of opinion among these officers regarding the affairs of the villages.

‘Another’ — some one other than those under whose sphere of duties those affairs fall; — ‘minister’ — of superior status; — ‘loyal’ — free from undue love and hate, — should be appointed for inspecting those affairs. — (120)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Pṛthakkāryāṇi’ — ‘Quarrels among each other’ (Nārāyaṇa); — ‘the separate affairs of the villagers’ (Nandana),

‘Snigdhaḥ’ — ‘Impartial’ (Medhātíthī); — ‘loyal to the king’ (Kullūka).

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 249), which explains ‘pṛthakkāryāṇi’ as ‘quarrels among themselves’; — it notes that if we adopted the reading ‘pṛthakkāyāni,’ the meaning would be ‘matters on which there is a difference of opinion among them.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (12.87, 9-10). — ‘A minister conversant with the Law shall supervise the doings of all these village-lords.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 249). — ‘In accordance with their duties, he shall make divisions and sub-divisions among them; and he shall always have their work inspected through spies.’

Yājñavalkya (1.336-338). — ‘Having learnt all about the work of the officers appointed in the kingdom, through his spies, the king shall honour the honest and punish the dishonest; those addicted to bribery be shall banish after confiscating their property, and he shall retain the Vedic scholars with due honour and gifts.’

VERSE 7.121

Section X - Internal Administration

नगरे नगरे चैकं कुर्यात् सर्वार्थचिन्तकम् ।
उच्चैःस्थानं घोररूपं नक्षत्राणामिव ग्रहम् ॥१२१॥

nagare nagare caikaṃ kuryāt sarvārthacintakam |
uccaiḥsthānaṃ ghorarūpaṃ nakṣatrāṇāmiva graham ||121||

In each town he shall appoint one Superintendent of all works, of high status and awe-inspiring appearance, — he being like a planet among stars. — (121)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Of high status’ — i.e., at the head of others.

‘Of awe-inspiring appearance’ — of commanding presence.

‘Like a planet among stars’ — i.e. like the planet Mars.

He shall also be equipped with an army consisting of elephants, horses and the rest. — (121)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Graham’ — ‘The planet Mars’ (Medhātithi); — ‘Planet, Venus and others’ (Kullūka); — ‘the Sun’ (Govindarāja); — ‘the Moon’ (Nārāyaṇa).

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 249), which adds the following notes: — ‘Uccaissthānam’ means ‘highly placed in the matter of birth and so forth,’ — or ‘having a lùghly placed seat’, — ‘ghorarūpam’ means ‘awe-inspiring.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (12.87.10-11). — (Same as Manu.)

Āpastamba (2.26.4). — ‘He shall appoint men of the first three castes, who are pure and truthful, over villages and towns, for the protection of the people.’

Arthaśāstra (p. 160). — ‘To the best of his power he shall place such officers in charge of departments as are endowed with all the qualities of a minister; and their work shall he constantly inspected.’

VERSE 7.122

Section X - Internal Administration

स ताननुपरिक्रामेत् सर्वानेव सदा स्वयम् ।
तेषां वृत्तं परिणयेत् सम्यग् राष्ट्रेषु तत्चरैः ॥१२२॥

sa tānanuparikrāmet sarvāneva sadā svayam |
teṣāṃ vṛttaṃ pariṇayet samyag rāṣṭreṣu tatcaraiḥ ||122||

This officer shall always personally supervise in turn all those officers, and thoroughly acquaint himself, through the King’s spies, with their behaviour in their respective jurisdictions. — (122)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The officer delegated to the town shall ‘supervise’ those lords of villages, and in case of need, shall help them with his forces.

He shall al so ‘thoroughly acquaint himself with’ — find but all about — the behaviour of those officers; — through whom? — ‘through the King’s spies’, disguised as a pilgrim etc. — (122)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 250), which adds the following notes: — ‘Anuparikrāmāt’ i.e., wherever the lawful people are being oppressed by unlawful people, he should strengthen the former with his own forces; — ‘vṛttam’ means ‘behaviour’; — ‘pariṇayet’ means ‘report’; ‘taccaraiḥ,’ ‘through the king’s agents.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

Arthaśāstra (p. 52). — ‘By means of tests he shall have tested his ministers and then appoint spies, who shall go forth disguised as kāpālika and the like.’

Śukranīti (1.751-752). — ‘Every year the king should personally inspect the villages, towns, cities, and districts and provinces and see which people are happy and which oppressed by the officers, and investigate cases brought up before him by the people.’

Mahābhārata (12.87.11-12). — ‘All their actions shall be watched by the king’s spy.’

Yājñavalkya (1.337). — (See under 120.)

Kāmandaka (12.25). — ‘A person skilled in the interpretation of internal sentiments by conjecture and by external gestures, accurate of memory, polite and soft in speech, agile in movements, capable of bearing up with all sorts of privations and difficulties, ready-witted and expert in all things, — such a person is fit to become a spy.’

VERSE 7.123

Section X - Internal Administration

राज्ञो हि रक्षाधिकृताः परस्वादायिनः शठाः ।
भृत्या भवन्ति प्रायेण तेभ्यो रक्षेदिमाः प्रजाः ॥१२३॥

rājño hi rakṣādhikṛtāḥ parasvādāyinaḥ śaṭhāḥ |
bhṛtyā bhavanti prāyeṇa tebhyo rakṣedimāḥ prajāḥ ||123||

As the king’s servants, appointed to protect the people, generally become knaves, bent upon seizing the property of others, — he shall protect his people against them — (133)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Bent upon seizinq the properly of others’ — those who. are in the habit of taking what belongs to others.

‘Knaves’ — addicted to wicked deeds.

Persons appointed ore likely to become such; even though before appointment they may be quite honest and hence inclined to protect the wealth of other persons. Hence the King should not leave them alone, relying upon their former character; he should be ever watchful of their conduct.

‘He shall protect the people against them,’ — By ignoring them, it is not only the King’s own interest that suffers; the people also become reduced to poverty. — (123)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 253); — and in Vivādaratnākara (p. 367).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (12.87.12-13). — ‘The guardians of the people appointed by the king are generally cruel and wicked and inclined to misappropriate the property of others; from these therefore he shall protect the people.’

Yājñavalkya (1.337). — (See under 120.)

VERSE 7.124

Section X - Internal Administration

ये कार्यिकेभ्योऽर्थमेव गृह्णीयुः पापचेतसः ।
तेषां सर्वस्वमादाय राजा कुर्यात् प्रवासनम् ॥१२४॥

ye kāryikebhyo'rthameva gṛhṇīyuḥ pāpacetasaḥ |
teṣāṃ sarvasvamādāya rājā kuryāt pravāsanam ||124||

Those evil-minded persons who would take money from men engaged in business — of these the King shall confiscate the whole property and ordain banishment. — (124)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Those officers appointed for protecting the people who — ‘from men engaged in business’ — those who do business and are in trade — ‘take money’ — i.e. impose fines on the people, in connection with ploughing &c., — these men shall be banished and their property confiscated by the king. — (124)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vivādaratnākara (p. 367), which explains ‘kāryikebhyaḥ’ as ‘men who have business, suitors.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

Yājñavalkya (1.337). — (See under 120.)

VERSE 7.125

Section X - Internal Administration

राजा कर्मसु युक्तानां स्त्रीणां प्रेष्यजनस्य च ।
प्रत्यहं कल्पयेद् वृत्तिं स्थानं कर्मानुरूपतः ॥१२५॥

rājā karmasu yuktānāṃ strīṇāṃ preṣyajanasya ca |
pratyahaṃ kalpayed vṛttiṃ sthānaṃ karmānurūpataḥ ||125||

For women employed in the King’s service and also for menial servants, he shall fix daily wages, in proportion to their position and work. — (125)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Employed’ — appointed; — ‘women’ — slave-girls and others working in the inner apartments; — ‘of menial servants’ — such, as bearers of palanquins and the like; — ‘he shall fix daily wages’, — and not fix an annual maintenance, in the form of villages, in whole or in part.

‘In proportion to their position and work’. ‘Position’ stands for the principal duty, responsibility, — such as keeping guard over the bed and so forth; and ‘work’ — i.e. physical labour involved; the wages given should be in proportion to these. If the responsibility is great, even though the physical work in volved be little, the wages should be high; and if the responsibility is not great, even though the physical labour involved be great, the wages shall be low. This is what is meant by the wages being ‘in proportion to the position and work’. — (125)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, pp. 251-252).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Arthaśāstra (Part II, p. 102) — ‘In accordance with the resources of the kingdom he shall apportion the livelihood of his dependents; or he may provide this to the extent that may be necessary for retaining their services: — 48,000 paṇas should be set apart for the maintenance of priests, preceptors, chief-minister, army-commander, heir-apparent, queen-mother and queen, etc., etc.’

VERSE 7.126

Section X - Internal Administration

पणो देयोऽवकृष्टस्य षडुत्कृष्टस्य वेतनम् ।
षाण्मासिकस्तथाऽच्छादो धान्यद्रोणस्तु मासिकः ॥१२६॥

paṇo deyo'vakṛṣṭasya ṣaḍutkṛṣṭasya vetanam |
ṣāṇmāsikastathā'cchādo dhānyadroṇastu māsikaḥ ||126||

One paṇa shall be paid as the wages of the inferior, and six to the superior servant; as also clothing every sixth month and a Droṇa of grain every month. — (126)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

To the ‘inferior servant’ — i.e., to one who is employed in such work as sweeping and cleaning; for his living one paṇa should be paid.

To the superior servant shall also be given Clothing every sixth month’; and also ‘a Droṇa of grain’; a ‘droṇa’ is equal to four Ādhakas.

The exact measure of the ‘paṇa’ the author is going to describe later on (8.136).

These verses are meant to prescribe the wages of the servants. — (126)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Paṇa’ — See 8.136.

‘Droṇa’ — ‘Four āḍhakas, i.e., 10 seers’ (Medhātithi and Kullūka); — ‘512 palas’ (Govindarāja).

“Govindarāja and Kullūka state that the highest servants shall receive six times as much grain and clothes as the lowest, and the middle class servants three times as much as the lowest” — Buhler.

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 252), which adds the following notes: — ‘Avakṛṣṭasya,’ ‘of domestic servants’; — ‘vetanam,’ fooding, — ‘āchādaḥ’, ‘two pieces of clothing’, — ‘droṇaḥ ‘four ‘Āḍhakas’; — and in Śuddhikaumudī (p. 240).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Śaṅkha-Likhita (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 252). — ‘Two golden pieces constitute the monthly wage; to be paid on calculating after six months, or four months.’

Познавательные статьи:



Алгоритмические операторы Matlab

Конструирование и порядок расчёта дорожной одежды

Исследования учёных: почему помогают молитвы?

Почему терпят неудачу многие предприниматели?