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makṣikā vipruṣaśchāyā gauraśvaḥ sūryaraśmayaḥ |
rajo bhūrvāyuragniśca sparśe medhyāni nirdiśet ||131||

Flies, water-drops, shadow, the cow, the horse, the sun’s rays, dust, earth, air and fire — should be regarded as pure to the touch. — (131).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Flies’. — all sweat-born insects.

The ‘cow’ includes the goat and sheep.

The ‘horse’ includes the elephant and the mule.

The ‘sun’ includes all luminous bodies.

‘Vipruṣaḥ’, ‘water-drops’ — such drops of water as are invisible and can be felt only by touch.

‘Shadow’ — of the Cāṇḍāla and other unclean things.

‘Earth’ — in contact with, or walked over by, the Cāṇḍāla and the like — is pure. In other cases its sweeping has been prescribed.

The flies &c. mentioned here, even though coming into contact with ordure and other unclean things, do net become sources of defilement.

Another Smṛti-text says — ‘Goats and horses are pure in their mouths; cows are pure except in their mouths; cats and mongoose are touchable, — as also other auspicious birds and animals’. — (131).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 133 of others.)

‘Vipruṣaḥ.’ — ‘Drops of water, invisible, but perceptible by touch only’ (Medhātithi and Govindarāja); — ‘drops of saliva coming out of the mouth’ (Kullūka, Rāghavānanda and Nārāyaṇa).

This verse is quoted in Madanapārijāta (p. 469), which adds the following notes: — ‘makṣikā’ includes all those insects whose touch cannot be avoided; — ‘vipruṣaḥ’ are those drops whose form is invisible; — ‘chāyā’ — other than what is expressly forbidden; — ‘rajaḥ’ other than what is expressly forbidden.

It is quoted in Smṛtitattva (p. 296).

This verse is quoted in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Śrāddha, p. 17a); — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 838); — and in Śuddhikaumudī (pp. 350 and 358), which says that ‘chāyā’ stands for the shadow cast by persons other than the caṇḍāla.

Comparative notes by various authors:

Viṣṇu (23.52). — ‘Flies, saliva-particles dropping from the mouth, shadow, cow, elephant, horse, sun-beams, dust, earth, air, fire and cat are always pure.’

Yājñavalkya (1.193 and other texts — see under 128.)

VERSE 5.132

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

विण्मूत्रोत्सर्गशुद्ध्यर्थं मृद्वार्यादेयमर्थवत् ।
दैहिकानां मलानां च शुद्धिषु द्वादशस्वपि ॥१३२॥

viṇmūtrotsargaśuddhyarthaṃ mṛdvāryādeyamarthavat |
daihikānāṃ malānāṃ ca śuddhiṣu dvādaśasvapi ||132||

For the cleansing of the ejectors or urine and faeces, earth and water should be used, as much as may be necessary; as also in the twelve cleansings of the bodily excretions. — (132).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The impurity of the bodily excretions having been asserted in 131, the present verse proceeds to lay down directions for their cleansing.

‘Ejectors of urine and faeces’ — i.e., the. organs by which these are passed, — i. e. the Anus &c.; — for the cleansing of these — one should ‘use earth and water, as much as may be necessary’; i. e. not minding any restrictions as to the number (of washings and rubbings), one should go on taking up as much water and earth as may be necessary for the total removal of smells and stains.

‘Bodily’ — proceeding from the body, — ‘excretions’ — which are sources of impurity. In connection with the purifications necessitated by these also, earth and water are to be used as much as may be necessary. In another Smṛti we read — ‘In the case of the former six excretions both earth and water should be used; in the case of the latter six one is purified even by the use of water only’.

In connection with phlegm &c. it is thus declared in another Smṛti — ‘The viscid excretion from the nose is called Phlegm’; and since this occurs among the latter group of six, for cleansing it earth need not be used at all. — (132).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 134 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 271), which explains ‘arthavat’ as ‘as much as may be needed for removing the smell and stains,’ and adds that in the case of the latter six of the twelve ‘impurities’ (enumerated in the next verse) the use of clay is optional; — in Madanapārijāta (p. 51), which adds that after the passing of urine and feces, washing with water is ‘arthavat,’ ‘useful’; — in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 45), which explains ‘arthavat’ as ‘fulfilling the purposes of removing the smell and stains’; — and again on p. 104, to say that Manu should be understood to mean that out of the case of the twelve ‘impurities,’ in some both water and clay should be used, while in some either of the two only; — and in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 794).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Gautama (1.42, 43). — ‘Purification from defilement by unclean substances is effected when the stains and the smell have been removed; — and this shall be done first by water and then by earth.’

Baudhāyana (1.10.11-15). — ‘After urinating, he shall cleanse it with earth and water; in like manner on evacuating bowels; — after an emission of semen, in the same manner as after urinating.’

Āpastamba (1.16.14-15). — ‘On touching the effluvia of the nose or the eyes,... he shall either bathe or sip or merely touch water; — or he may touch moist cowdung, wet herbs or moist earth.’

Vaśiṣṭha (6.14, 16). — ‘He shall perform the purification with water and with earth... For purification, the Brāhmaṇa shall take earth mixed with gravel from the river-bank.’

Viṣṇu (60.24). — ‘Having cleaned his hind parts with a clod of earth, or with brick...... he must rise and clean himself with water and earth — so as to remove the smell and the filth.’

Yājñavalkya (1.17). — ‘The man shall perform purification with earth and water fetched for the purpose — till the stain and the smell disappear.’

VERSE 5.133

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

वसा शुक्रमसृग्मज्जा मूत्रविड्घ्राणकर्णविट् ।
श्लेश्माश्रु दूषिका स्वेदो द्वादशैते नृणां मलाः ॥१३३॥

vasā śukramasṛgmajjā mūtraviḍghrāṇakarṇaviṭ |
śleśmāśru dūṣikā svedo dvādaśaite nṛṇāṃ malāḥ ||133||

Fat, man, blood, marrow, urine, ordure, nasal excretion, eab-wax, phlegm, tears, rheum of the eyes and perspiration, — these twelve are the ‘excretions’ of human beings. — (134).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The twelve ‘excretions’ or ‘impurities’ are here indicated.

‘Human beings’ includes all five-nailed animals. As regards dogs and jackals, their excretions are impure by reason of their own untouchability.

‘Urine and ordure’ — of all animals, except those of the goat, the sheep, the cow and the horse. — (133).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 135 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 271), which explains ‘karṇaviṭ’ as ‘ear-wax’; and adds that these are ‘impure’ only when they have gone out of the body, as is indicated by verse 132 above; — in Mitākṣarā (on 1.190); — in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 103), which adds the following notes: — ‘vasā’ is the oily substance in the body; ‘asṛk’ is blood; ‘majjā’ is the solidified fatty substance within the skull; ‘dūṣikā’ is the rheum of the eyes; ‘karṇaviṭ’ is ear-wax; the term ‘nṛ’ here stands for human beings only, and not for all living beings (as the root nṛ, ‘ to go,’ might imply); if the latter were meant, then the term ‘nṛṇām’ would be entirely superfluous; — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 794); — in Prāyaścittaviveka (p. 484); — in Śuddhikaumudī (p. 347); — in Ācāramayūkha (p. 14), — which explains ‘dūṣikā’ as netramalam’; — and in Smṛtitattva (II, p. 303).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Viṣṇu (22.81). — ‘Adeps, semen, blood, dandruff, urine, faeces, ear-wax, nail-parings, phlegm, tears, rheum, and sweat are the twelve impure excretions from the body.’

Devala (Aparārka, p. 271). — ‘Human bone, corpse, faeces, semen, urine, menstrual blood, sweat, tears, rheum, phlegm and urine are declared to be impure.’

Baudhāyana [(Do.) and Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, p. 104]. — ‘In the case of the first six (enumerated in Manu), one should take up both earth and water; but in that of the latter six one is purified by water only.’

VERSE 5.134

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

एका लिङ्गे गुदे तिस्रस्तथैकत्र करे दश ।
उभयोः सप्त दातव्या मृदः शुद्धिमभीप्सता ॥१३४॥

ekā liṅge gude tisrastathaikatra kare daśa |
ubhayoḥ sapta dātavyā mṛdaḥ śuddhimabhīpsatā ||134||

One who desires cleanliness should apply earth — once to the urinary organ, thrice to the anus, ten times to one hand and seven times to both hands. — (134).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

After the passing of urine and faeces, for the cleansing of the urinary organ, earth should be applied to it once.

In another Smṛti it has been laid down that one should take as much earth mixed with water as can be contained in one hand. What I assert is that in view of what has been said regarding the using of as much earth and water as may be necessary, the proper quantity would be what is stated in the present text. Some people quote, in this connection, the following saying — ‘The hand bring filled up, the first (and largest) measure of it is called Prasṛti, the second is half of it; and the third part of it is called mṛttikā.’ But this measure applies to the case of anus-cleansing only. In all other cases, as much is to be used as may be necessary.

In the case of a single evacuation also, the number of applications is to be as here prescribed; and what is prescribed is the repetition of the act (of rubbing and washing).

There is a distinction among the various kinds of ‘earth’, just as there is among the various kinds of the ‘cow’ and other things. In present connection, for instance, it has been declared that ‘earth should be got from a place far removed from an ant-hill, us also from the stables’ and so forth. No account need be taken however of the distinction into ‘white’, ‘black’, ‘red’ and so forth.

‘Who desires’ — who wishes. — (134).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 136 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 36); — in Nityācārapradīpa (p. 255); — in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 215); — in Śuddhikaumudī (p. 334), which explains ‘ekatra’ as ‘in the left hand’; — in Smṛtitattva (p. 330), which explains ‘ubhayoḥ’ as ‘over the two hands’; — in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 46), which explains ‘ekatra’ as ‘over the left hand’; it notes the reading ‘vāmakare’; and explains ‘ubhayoḥ’ as ‘over the two hands’; — in Madanapārijāta (p. 46); — in Smṛtikaumudī (p. 57) which explains ‘ekatra’ as ‘vāme,’ ‘over the left hand’; — in Yatidharmasaṅgraha (p. 53); — in Kṛtyasārasamuccaya (p. 46), which explains ‘ekatra’ as ‘over the left hand’ and, ‘ubhayoḥ’ as ‘over both the hands’; — and in Smṛtisāroddhāra (p. 266), which says that ‘śuddhi’ here stands for purity, and not cleanliness or freedom from smell &c., as this latter could be secured by even a lesser number of applications.

Comparative notes by various authors:

Vaśiṣṭha (6.18). — ‘The organ is cleansed by one application of earth, the right hand by three, the feet by two, the arms by five, the left hand by ten, and both hands and feet by seven.’

Viṣṇu (60.25). — ‘The organ should be cleaned by earth once, the hind parts three times, the left hand ten times, both hands together seven times, and both feet together three times.’

Baudhāyana (1.10.11-14). — ‘After urinating, he shall clean the organ with earth and water, — the hand three times...... the number of applications is thrice three for both hand and feet.’

Śāṅkha (Aparārka, p. 36). — ‘To the arms, earth should be applied seven times, to the urinary organ, twice, to one hand, twenty times, and to both hands fourteen times.’

Hārīta (Do.). — Applying earth ten times to the left hand, six times on the back, seven times to both hands, and to the feet three times, — he shall wash.’

Śātātapa (Parāśaramādhava, p. 215). — ‘Once to the urinary organ, three times to the left hand, twice to both hands, — this is the purification laid down on passing urine; it should be thrice this on passing faeces.’

Baudhāyana (Parāśaramādhava, p. 215) — ‘Earth shall be applied to the anus five times, to the left hand and feet thrice each.’

Vaśiṣṭha (Do., pp. 215-216). — ‘Earth shall be applied five times to the anus, ten times to one hand and seven times to both hands, seven to both feet, and two to the urinary organ.’

Ādityapurāṇa (Do.). — ‘Twenty times to one hand and fourteen times to both... Half of this serves to purify Śūdras and women. The purification at night is to be half of what it is during the day; and a quarter of this latter, on a journey; one in distress may do as much as he can.’

VERSE 5.135

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

एतत्शौचं गृहस्थानां द्विगुणं ब्रह्मचारिणाम् ।
त्रिगुणं स्याद् वनस्थानां यतीनां तु चतुर्गुणम् ॥१३५॥

etatśaucaṃ gṛhasthānāṃ dviguṇaṃ brahmacāriṇām |
triguṇaṃ syād vanasthānāṃ yatīnāṃ tu caturguṇam ||135||

Such is the purification for householders; double of this for students, treble for hermits, and quadruple for renunciates. — (135).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The rules regarding Purification vary with the stages of life. For those who do not belong to any of these stages, the only rule is that as much earth and water shall be used as may be necessary. The same holds good for the Śūdra also, who is entitled to observe the rules regarding the stage of the Householder; so that he also has to observe the same number of applications. — (135).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 137 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 36); — in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 215); — in Madanapārijāta (p. 47); — in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 52); — in Nityācārapradīpa (p. 257); — in Ācāramayūkha (p. 13); — in

Śuddhikaumudī (p. 336); — and in Yatidharmasaṅgraha (p. 53.)

Comparative notes by various authors:

Vaśiṣṭha (6.19). — ‘Such is the purification ordained for householders; it is double this for students, treble for hermits, but quadruple for ascetics.’

Viṣṇu (60.26). — ‘Such is the purification ordained for householders; it is double for students, treble for hermits and quadruple for ascetics.’

VERSE 5.136

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

कृत्वा मूत्रं पुरीषं वा खान्याचान्त उपस्पृशेत् ।
वेदमध्येष्यमाणश्च अन्नमश्नंश्च सर्वदा ॥१३६॥

kṛtvā mūtraṃ purīṣaṃ vā khānyācānta upaspṛśet |
vedamadhyeṣyamāṇaśca annamaśnaṃśca sarvadā ||136||

Having passed urine or faeces, and sipped water, one should touch. with water the cavities; also when he may be going to read the Veda, and always when going to take food. — (136).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Having ‘passed’ — i.e., cleansed away according to the aforesaid directions, — all taint of urine &c., from the urinary organ, etc.; — ‘and sipped water,’ — ‘one should touch with water the cavities’.

‘Also when he may be going to read the Veda’ — i.e., according to the course of Vedic study preserved in Discourse II.

In accordance with its primary signification, the word ‘kṛtvā’, ‘having passed appears to mean ‘having evacuated’; and the meaning is that — ‘after having passed urine and faeces and washed the anus and the urinary organ, one should sip water’.

‘Also when going to read the Veda;’ — the sipping of water has been prescribed as a necessary duty in connection with the course of Vedic study, under 2.70. What is prescribed here is meant for all sorts of reading of the Veda — either by one who is teaching it, or reading it. In other cases, people are said to be ‘reciting’ the Veda (udaharantaḥ). The meaning is that after having done other secular acts, one should not pronounce the words of the Veda, without having sipped water.

‘Also when going to take food.’ (136).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 138 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 223), the reading wherein however is different, except in the first quarter; — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 957), which has the following notes: — ‘kṛtvā’, having vacuated, — after evacuating the bladder and bowels one should wash the anus and rinse the mouth, and touch the ‘holes’, i.e., the sense organs, — ‘vedam etc.,’ while engaged in other ordinary works one should rinse his mouth before reciting the Veda, also when going to take food, — in Ācāramayūkha (p. 15): — and in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda, (Āhnika, p. 8b).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Gautama (1.35, 36, 44). — ‘Turning his face to the east or to the north, he shall purify himself from personal defilement — seated in a pure place, placing his right arm between his knees, arranging his dress (and sacred thread) in the manner required for a sacrifice to the gods, he shall, after washing his hands up to the wrist, three or four times, silently sip water reaching his heart; twice wipe his lips; sprinkle his head and feet; touch the cavities in the head with the right hand; and place it on the crown of his head (and on the navel) on passing urine or faeces... water should be sipped.’

Baudhāyana (l.8.26). — ‘After sipping water, he shall touch the cavities of the head with water, also the feet, the navel, the head and the left hand.’

Āpastamba (1.16.2-7). — ‘Sitting, he shall sip water (for purification) thrice, the water penetrating his heart; he shall wipe his lips three times; — some declare that he shall do this twice; he shall then touch his lips once; — twice, according to some; having sprinkled water on his left hand with his right, he shall touch both his feet, and his head and organs, eyes, nose and ears.’

Vaśiṣṭha (3.27-29). — ‘He shall twice wipe his mouth; he shall touch the cavities with water; he shall pour water on his head and on the left hand.’

Viṣṇu (22.75). — ‘Having sneezed, slept or eaten, going to eat or to study, having drunk water, having bathed or spat or put on his garments, or walked on the high road, or discharged urine or faeces, or touched dry bones of a five-toed animal, he should sip water.’

Viṣṇu (62.7-8). — ‘Let him wipe his lips twice; let him touch the cavities above the navel, his head and his chest with water.’

VERSE 5.137

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

त्रिराचामेदपः पूर्वं द्विः प्रमृज्यात् ततो मुखम् ।
शरीरं शौचमिच्छन् हि स्त्री शूद्रस्तु सकृत् सकृत् ॥१३७॥

trirācāmedapaḥ pūrvaṃ dviḥ pramṛjyāt tato mukham |
śarīraṃ śaucamicchan hi strī śūdrastu sakṛt sakṛt ||137||

Desiring bodily purification, one should sip water thrice; then he should twice wipe his mouth; but the woman and the śūdra should each do it once only. — (137).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This is the reiteration (of a former injunction), for the purpose of enjoining what is necessary for the woman and the Śūdra. Though what is said here has been already declared before, yet it is repeated here for the sake of women and Śūdras.

Some people explain this text as follows: — According to the rule that ‘the Śūdra is purified by touching water’, all that the ordinary Śūdra is to do is to touch water; hence washing and touching of the ear, etc., that are understood as applying to the

Śūdra, are regarded as pertaining to the better class of Śūdras. As regards women, — the general rule being that ‘the Brāhmaṇa is purified by water reaching the heart &c., &c.’ (2. 62), where the different castes are specified, it would seem as if all that is prescribed for males is to be done by females also; and it is with a view to preclude this notion that we have the present text.

‘Desiring bodily purification’; — this indicates that if one is quite clean when going to read or to take food, he need not necessarily repeat the acts thrice; nor need there be washing; — all that need be done is the sipping of some quantity of water, and the touching of the organs; and not all the details that have been laid down in connection with the ‘sipping of water’ prescribed among the duties of the Student. — (137).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 139 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 40); — in Madanapārijāta (p. 53), — and in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 992) which explains ‘mukham’ as ‘lips.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

Gautama (1.36). — (See above, under 136.)

Baudhāyana (1.8.19-22) — ‘Let him thrice sip water, reaching his heart; let him wipe his lips thrice; — twice, according to some; the woman and the Śūdra, each only once.’

Āpastamba (1.16.2-6). — ‘Sitting, he shall sip water thrice, the water penetrating his heart; ho shall wipe his lips thrice, — according to some, twice; he shall then touch his lips once; — twice, according to some.’

Vaśiṣṭha (3.26-27). — ‘Having washed his feet and hands up to the wrist, and sitting with his face turned towards the east, or towards the north, he shall thrice sip water out of the Brahma-tīrtha, without uttering any sound; he shall twice wipe his lips.’

Viṣṇu (62.6, 7). — ‘Let him sip water thrice with the Brahma-tīrtha; let him wipe his lips twice.’

Yājñavalkya (1.20). — ‘Sipping water thrice, wiping his lips twice, he shall touch the cavities with water.’

Devala (Aparārka, p. 40). — ‘With the base of the thumb, he shall twice wipe his mouth; he shall never wipe it either with the finger-tips or with the back of the fingers.’

(See also the texts under 2.60, above.)

VERSE 5.138

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

शूद्राणां मासिकं कार्यं वपनं न्यायवर्तिनाम् ।
वैश्यवत्शौचकल्पश्च द्विजोच्छिष्टं च भोजनम् ॥१३८॥

śūdrāṇāṃ māsikaṃ kāryaṃ vapanaṃ nyāyavartinām |
vaiśyavatśaucakalpaśca dvijocchiṣṭaṃ ca bhojanam ||138||

By śūdras living according to law, shaving should be done every month; thus manner of purification should be like that of the Vaiśya; and their food shall consist of the leavings of twice-born men. — (139).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

A general rule of conduct is here laid down for the better class of Śūdras.

‘Living according to law;’ — i.e. attending on twice-born men and performing the great sacrifices. By these ‘shaving’ — of the head — shall be done ‘every month’. The Genitive in Śūdrāṇām has the sense of the Instrumental. Or, in as much as śūdras are entirely dependent upon Brāhmaṇas their shaving shall be got done by these latter; and in this case the root ‘kṛ,’ which has several meanings, is to be taken in the sense of advising.

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