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This same purification pertains to even urine and other unclean liquids, when they are to be used by the Śūdra and others. But in this case ‘utpavana’ would mean only ‘overflowing’. As Vaśiṣṭha has said — ‘for things on the ground it is like water’.

‘Solids’ — hard substances; such as cooled clarified butter, curds, sugar-candy, cakes and the like. In the ease of these, if the portion that is defiled is thrown away, the remainder becomes purified. Śaṅkha has declared — ‘In the case of dry substances, by the removal of contamination’.

Or, the term ‘saṃhatāḥ’ may stand for things composed of several components; such as, couch, seat, bed and the like, which are composites, composed of homogeneous as well as heterogeneous constituents.

But in all cases, purification is obtained by the removal of contamination.

In the case of contact with a dead body, or with unclean things that have dried up, that part which has come into direct contact with such things is to be washed and the rest of the thing is to be sprinkled with water.

In the case of wooden articles — i.e., things made of wood only, such us a scat, a board and the like made of wood — if these are contaminated by the touch of a dead body, or a cāṇḍāla or Śūdra, — there should be scraping.

Others hold that scraping is to be done only when the thing touches Ordure; in which case, the stain and the smell have got to be removed by scraping, and the rest of the thing is to be washed and sponged with clay and water.

On contamination by a dog and such things, there should be washing, as in the case of ordure.

In the case of the wooden bed and such things made up of wood and ropes &c (and not of wood only), purification is secured as in the ease of ‘solids’ or ‘composites’. — (114).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 115 of others.)

‘Utpavanam’ — ‘Throwing away of a portion’ (Medhātithi); — ‘pouring another liquid into the vessel to overflowing, so that some of the original contents flow out’ (‘others’ in Medhātithi); — ‘passing through it of two blades of kuśa-grass’ (Kullūka, Govindarāja and Rāghavānanda); — ‘straining through cloth’ (Nārāyaṇa).

This verse quoted in Mitākṣarā (on 1.190), which explains ‘utpavanam’ as ‘pouring over a piece of cloth so that foreign source of impurity may be strained out — and in Smṛtitattva (II, p. 297) which, reading ‘utplavanam’, explains it as ‘removing the insect or such other foreign substances by straining the liquid through cloth’; — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 805); — and in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda, (Śrāddha, p. 16a).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Gautama (1.29). — (See under 110.)

Baudhāyana (1.8.35). — ‘Objects made of wood must be planed.’

Baudhāyana (1.13.26). — ‘Wooden vessels touched by impure men shall be scraped.’

Baudhāyana (1.14.16, 17). — ‘Sour milk and preparations of milk arc purified by pouring them from one vessel into another; in like manner, let him pour oil and clarified butter, which have been touched by impure persons, into water, and then use them.’

Āpastamba (1.17.12). — ‘A wooden vessel becomes pure by being scraped.’

Vaśiṣṭha (3.49). — ‘Objects made of wood should be planed.’

Viṣṇu (23.27, 29, 30). — ‘Wooden articles, by planing; many things in a heap by sprinkling water; liquids by straining.’

Yājñavalkya (1.190). — (See above, under 153.) (See other texts under 113.)

VERSE 5.115-116

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

मार्जनं यज्ञपात्राणां पाणिना यज्ञकर्मणि ।
चमसानां ग्रहाणां च शुद्धिः प्रक्षालनेन तु ॥११५॥

चरूणां स्रुक्स्रुवाणां च शुद्धिरुष्णेन वारिणा ।
स्फ्यशूर्पशकटानां च मुसलौलूखलस्य च ॥११६॥

mārjanaṃ yajñapātrāṇāṃ pāṇinā yajñakarmaṇi |
camasānāṃ grahāṇāṃ ca śuddhiḥ prakṣālanena tu ||115||

carūṇāṃ sruksruvāṇāṃ ca śuddhiruṣṇena vāriṇā |
sphyaśūrpaśakaṭānāṃ ca musalaulūkhalasya ca ||116||

During sacrificial performance there should be cleaning of the sacrificial vessels; the purification of spoons and cups is accomplished by washing; — (115)

The purification of the ‘Caru’, the ‘Sruk’ and the ‘Sruva’ is done by means of hot water; as also of the ‘Sphya’, the winnowing basket, the cart, the pestle and the mortar. — (116).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

These two verses are to be taken as citing examples in illustration of what has been laid down in the Śruti.

When the cups, the spoons and other sacrificial vessels have been used in one performance, they become smeared with clarified butter and other offering-materials employed at that performance; and with a view to avoid the contamination of the fresh performance by such stains and smearings, these have to be removed by means of hot water; and this cleansing has to be done in the manner prescribed for each case: sometimes by hand, sometimes by kuśa-grass, sometimes by the threads at the end of one’s garment, and so on.

The purification here mentioned is in connection with sacrificial performances; in the event of the vessels becoming defiled with food-leavings etc., the cleaning is to be done in the same manner as in the case of ordinary vessels. In as much as we have the Vedic declaration — ‘they do not become unclean by Soma’. — it is understood that in the case of other defilements, the ordinary purification is to be done.

The exact shapes of the ‘graha’ the ‘chamasa’ and the ‘sphya’ are to be ascertained from persons versed in sacrificial lore. — (115-116).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verse 5.115)

(Verse 116 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 805); — and in Śuddhikaumudī, (p. 310), which explains ‘graha’ as ‘a particular vessel used at sacrifices.’

(verse 5.116)

(Verse 117 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 805); — and in Śuddhikaumudī (p. 310), which explains ‘carūṇām’ as ‘things smeared with boiled rice,’ — ‘Sruk sruva and other vessels’ as smeared with oily substances, — ‘sphya’ as ‘a particular kind of ladle used at sacrifices.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verse 5.115)

Parāśara (7.2). — (Same as Manu.)

Baudhāyana (1.8.50, 51). — ‘The cups and vessels used at sacrifices are cleansed according to the injunction: — the Veda declares that they do not become impure through Soma.’

Baudhāyana (1.13.30-32). — ‘Purification by washing with Kuśa-grass and water is prescribed at the Agnihotra, the Gharmocchiṣṭa, the Dadhigharma, the Kuṇḍapāyināmayana the U tsar jināmayana, the Dākṣāyaṇa sacrifice, the Ardhodaya, the Catuścakra, and the Brahmandanas; — also at all Soma-sacrifices, the cups should be cleansed with water only on the Mārjālīya mound; if these cups are defiled by urine, ordure, blood, semen and the like, they must be thrown away.’

Āpastamba (1.17.13). — ‘At a sacrifice, vessels should he cleansed according to Vedic injunctions.’

Viṣṇu (23.8-11). — ‘Stone cups and vessels used at Soma-sacrifices are cleansed with water: — sacrificial pots, ordinary wooden ladles, and wooden ladles with two collateral excavations are cleansed with hot water. Vessels used for oblations are cleansed by rubbing them with hand (with Kuśa-blades) at the time of the sacrifice. Sword-shaped pieces of wood for stirring the boiled rice, winnowing baskets, implements used for preparing grain, pestles and mortars are cleansed by sprinkling water over them.’

Yājñavalkya (1.182-183). — (See under 110 and further.)

Do. (1.185). — (Same as Manu)

(verse 5.116)

Parāśara (7.3). — (Same as Manu.)

Viṣṇu (23.2-11). — (See under 115.)

Yājñavalkya (1.183, 184). — ‘Caru, sruk, sruva and greasy vessels are cleansed with hot water; the Sphya, the Śūrpa, the skins and grains, as also pestles, mortars and carts and heaps of cloth and grains heaped together, — are cleansed by sprinkling water over them.’

Baudhāyana (1.13.26). — ‘Wooden vessels touched by impure man shall he scraped.’

Laugākṣi (Aparārka, p. 259). — ‘Large quantities of things, touched by Caṇḍālas and others, are purified by sprinkling water; a small quantity of grain should be washed; but rice,??? small quantity, should be thrown away.’

Baudhāyana (Do.). — ‘Grains are purified by sprinkling water; vegetables, roots and fruits by water; or by removing just the defiled portion, or by removing the chaff.’

Viṣṇu — ‘Of uncooked grains, one should throw away just that quantity which has been defiled, and the rest should be threshed and washed.’

VERSE 5.117

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

अद्भिस्तु प्रोक्षणं शौचं बहूनां धान्यवाससाम् ।
प्रक्षालनेन त्वल्पानामद्भिः शौचं विधीयते ॥११७॥

adbhistu prokṣaṇaṃ śaucaṃ bahūnāṃ dhānyavāsasām |
prakṣālanena tvalpānāmadbhiḥ śaucaṃ vidhīyate ||117||

Of grains and cloth, in large quantities, there is sprinkling with water; and in small quantities, their purification has been ordained to be secured by means of washing with water. — (117).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Grains are declared as to be regarded to be ‘in large quantities’ when they are more than one ‘droṇa’ in weight (about thirty-two seers). Others hold that they are to be regarded as ‘much’ in relation to particular men and to particular time and place; e.g., for one who is in a poor condition, even a ‘kudava’ (a quarter seer) may be ‘much’; similarly under certain conditions, grain is regarded as ‘much’, only when there is a large accumulation. Says Baudhāyana (Dharmasūtra 1.5.47) — ‘One shall employ the method of purification after having duly considered the place, time, the man himself, the substance, the use to which ft is going to be put, its origin and condition.’

Some people would apply the same rule to cloth also.

Though things have been declared to be ‘many’ when they are three and more, yet, since the text has used the plural number in the term ‘alpānām’, ‘those in s mall quantities’, we take it that upto (and including three), they are to be regarded as of ‘small quantity’.

‘With water’ (in the second time) — This is purely illustra tive; hence the doth is to be washed with that liquid which may be able to remove the contamination that has defiled it. This has been already explained before. The term ‘sprinkling’ has been used for the purpose of emphasising the use of water, the sense being that‘the sprinkling is to be done with water only.’ It is on account of this difference that the term ‘with water’ has been used twice.

If even by washing the stain in the cloth does not go, then that much of it should be cut off, or the whole should be cut off, — as laid down by Gautama (1-33). — (117).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 118 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (on 1.184), which adds that when a lager portion of the heap is defiled, then the whole lot should be washed; while if a smaller portion only is defiled, then that small quantity should be washed; — in Madanapārijāta (p. 453), which adds that what is indicated by ‘bahūnām’ ‘large quantities’, is that quantity which is more than what can be carried by one man; — in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 136); — in Smṛtitattva (II, p. 297); — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 805); — in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Śrāddha, p. 166); — in Śuddhikaumudī (p. 310); — and in Smṛtisāroddhāra, (p. 248), which notes that ‘bahutva’, ‘largeness of quantity’, is to be determined by the consideration of what can be carried by one or more men.

Comparative notes by various authors:

Parāśara (7.28-29). — (Same as Manu.)

Gautama (1.29). — (See under 15.)

Baudhāyana (1.8.42). — ‘Cotton cloth is cleansed by earth.’

Baudhāyana — (1.13.11). — ‘Clothes defiled by urine, ordure, blood, semen and the like shall be cleansed with earth, water and the like.’

Baudhāyana (1.14.11, 12). — ‘If unhusked rice has been defiled, it must he washed and dried; — hut a large quantity should he sprinkled with water.’

Vaśiṣṭha (3.49). — ‘...cloth made of yarns should be washed.’

Viṣṇu (23.13, 14, 18). — ‘A large quantity of anything is cleansed by sprinkling water; — so also grain, skins, ropes, woven cloth, things made of bamboo, thread, cotton and clothes — when there are large quantities of them; when in small quantities these are cleansed by washing.’

Yājñavalkya (1.184). — (See under 116.)

VERSE 5.118

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

चैलवत्चर्मणां शुद्धिर्वैदलानां तथैव च ।
शाकमूलफलानां च धान्यवत्शुद्धिरिष्यते ॥११८॥

cailavatcarmaṇāṃ śuddhirvaidalānāṃ tathaiva ca |
śākamūlaphalānāṃ ca dhānyavatśuddhiriṣyate ||118||

The method of purifying leather and tree-barks is similar to that of clothes; and for vegetables, roots and fruits, the purification is like that of grains. — (118).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Leather’, — i.e., goat-skins and such other skins as are touchable; and not the skin of the dog, the jackal or such animals as are by their nature unclean.

The same rule holds good regarding also things made of the said leather, in the shape of shoes, armour and the like.

In the present context, wherever Che original constituent cause is mentioned, it includes the product also; and vice versa. So that the rule laid down in connection with ‘wooden articles’ is applicable to wood also. Vaśiṣṭha, having described the purification of wooden articles, proceeds to speak of ‘wood, bone and earth’; and if the cause did not include its product, how could the author apply the purification (prescribed for wooden articles) and not for w ood ) to the wood? In fact the inclusion of the product by the cause is only right, since the notion of the latter does not certainly cease in regard to the former.

‘Vaidala’ stands for the bark of trees and other like things.

In another Smṛti-text this same purification in laid down for feathers, kuśa, skins, chowries, grass, cane, hair, and tree-bark’ — Here ‘feather’ stands for the peacock’s feathers, and things made of them, such as umbrellas, hair ornaments and so forth; — the term ‘pavitra’ stands for kuśa, and also for doth made of kuśa; — the term ‘grass’ stands for palm-leaves; according to the assertion that ‘the palm is known as the king among plants’; and the part of the wood (i.e., ‘ṭrna’, which is part of ‘tṛṇarāja’) denotes the whole, like the term ‘deva’ denoting the name ‘Devadatta’; — ‘hairs’ — i.e., of the cow, the horse and the goat, not of man; as the latter, when fallen from the body, are untouchable; for in the present context all the purification mentioned pertains to cases where a thing has been defiled by the touch of another substance, and not where the thing is unclean by its very nature; that this is so is indicated by the fact that exactly the same purification has been laid down for cloth and grain.

Vegetables have to be dealt with in the same manner as grains. That is just as sprinkling and washing are the means of purifying grains, while they are still in the form of grains, and have not undergone embellishment by means of thumping and the like acts, — so also are they for the purifying of vegetables also. Hence the present rule pertains to uncooked vegetables only. As for cooked vegetables, even though they are spoken of as ‘vegetables’, yet some other method of purification has to be found for them; as it has been said — ‘by clean water and by the flame of fire’ and be forth. For vegetables taken out of large heaps, as also for gruel, cow’s milk and the rest, sprinkling and heating on fire hate been specially laid down by Hārīta; — and similarly, for all grains in pods, scrubbing and pounding and so forth.

All this is for the purpose of removing all doubts in the event of their being touched by foot, as it has been said that ‘all things in large quantities are pure.’ — (118).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 119 of others.)

‘Vaidalānām’ — ‘Objects made of the bark of trees and such things’ (Medhātithi and Govindarāja); — ‘made of split bamboo’ (Kullūka).

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 139); — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 805); — and in Śuddhikaumudī (p. 311) which explains ‘Vaidalānām’ as ‘things made of split bamboo’, which are purified like cloth, — and ‘dhānyavat’ as ‘large quantities by sprinkling water and small quantities by washing’.

Comparative notes by various authors:

Gautama (1.33). — ‘Ropes, bamboo-chips, and leather are cleansed like garments.’

Baudhāyana (1.8.36, 38, 43). — ‘Objects made of bamboo should be cleansed with cow-dung — skins of black deer with bel, nut and rice. Other skins shall he treated like cotton- cloth.’

Baudhāyana (1.13.13). — ‘Deer-skins are cleansed like garments made of bark.’

Vaśiṣṭha (3.53). — ‘Ropes, bamboo-chips and leather are cleansed like cloth.’

Viṣṇu (23.14, 15, I8). — ‘Grain, skins, ropes, woven cloth, things made of bamboo, thread, cotton, clothes are cleansed by sprinkling water; — also pot-herbs, roots, fruits and flowers. When in small quantities, they are cleansed by washing.’ Yājñavalkya (1.182). — (See under 110.)

Parāśara (7.29). — ‘Things made of Muñja grass, winnowing baskets, roots, fruits and skins — as also of grass and wood and ropes, should be sprinkled with water.’

Vyāsa (Parāśaramādhava, p. 140). — ‘Cloth is purified by earth and water; as also ropes and bamboo-chips. If ropes and other things are very much defiled, just that portion should be thrown away which has been defiled.’

Uśanas (Do.). — ‘Roots, fruits, flowers, land, grass, wood, straw, and grains should be sprinkled with water.’

VERSE 5.119

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

कौशेयाविकयोरूषैः कुतपानामरिष्टकैः ।
श्रीफलैरंशुपट्टानां क्षौमाणां गौरसर्षपैः ॥११९॥

kauśeyāvikayorūṣaiḥ kutapānāmariṣṭakaiḥ |
śrīphalairaṃśupaṭṭānāṃ kṣaumāṇāṃ gaurasarṣapaiḥ ||119||

Of Silken and woolen stuffs, by means of saline earth; of blankets by soap-berries; of ‘aṃśupaṭṭa,’ by the Bel-fruit; and of linen by white mustard. — (119).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Uṣa’ is saline earth.

The ‘soap-berry’ and other things mentioned are well-known.

When the stuffs spoken of are stained by an oily substance, they have to be rubbed over with the powder of the things mentioned, and then washed.

‘Silken-stuff’, ‘kauśeya’, is a particular kind of doth; so also the ‘aṃśu-paṭṭa’; the ‘āvika’, is woolen stuff. In connection with this latter Hārīta has declared that ‘woolen articles are purified by the sun.’ But this should be understood as pertaining to such stuffs as are constantly worn, and hence come into contact with the bodies of several persons; and not when they have become defiled by foreign contamination.

By reason of all these being ‘cloth’, it might be thought that ‘sprinkling and washing’ would be the means of purifying them; and the present text prescribes the methods for moving the stains of oil, &c.

‘Kṣauma’, ‘Linen’, includes jute stuff also. (119).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 120 of others.)

‘Aṃśupaṭṭa’ — ‘Cloth made of thinned bark’ (Govindarājā, Nandana and Nārāyaṇa); — ‘women’s garments made of fine cloth’ (Kullūka and Rāghavānanda).

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava, (Prāyaścitta, p. 138), which describes ‘āvika’ as ‘kambala, blanket’, — ‘kauśeya’ as ‘silk’, — ‘aṃśupaṭṭa’ as netrapaṭa — ‘ariṣṭa’ as ‘the fruit of the Putrajīva berry’, — ‘kutapa’ as ‘a particular kind of blanket made of the wool of goats common in the, regions of Avantī (Ujjain) (or var: lec: in mountainous regions); — and in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 805).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Baudhāyana (1.8.39-42). — ‘Blankets of goat-wool, with areca nuts; — cloth of sheep’s wool by the sun’s rays; — linen-cloth with paste of yellow-mustard; — cotton-cloth with earth.’

Vaśiṣṭha (3.55). — ‘Linen-cloth, with paste of yellow mustard.’

Viṣṇu (23.19-22). — ‘Silk and wool with saline earth; — blankets of goat-wool, with the fruits of the soap-plant; — clothes made of bark, with bel fruit; — linen, with white sesamum.’

Yājñavalkya (1.186-187). — ‘Woolen and silk cloths are cleansed by saline earth, water and cow’s urine; Aṃśupaṭṭa ?? bel fruits; blankets by soap-berries; linen with white mustard; earthenware by re-heating.’

Devala (Aparārka, p. 261). — ‘Wools, silks, blankets, linen and cloth are easily cleansed by drying and sprinkling; if they have been tainted by impure tilings, then by things specifically prescribed for the cleaning of each of them.’

Hārīta (Do., p. 262). — ‘All clothes are cleansed by washing — cotton and jute, with saline earth and ashes; linen and woolen, with berries of Putrañjīva; skins, with Putrañjīva berries and saline earth; leather is cleansed like cloth; leather-vessels should he painted.’

Aṅgiras (Do.). — ‘Woolen cloths are cleansed by curd-water, ant-earth, and mustard; heavy woolens by being rubbed with oil, flour, and Kulmāṣa grains.’

VERSE 5.120

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

क्षौमवत्शङ्खशृङ्गाणामस्थिदन्तमयस्य च ।
शुद्धिर्विजानता कार्या गोमूत्रेणौदकेन वा ॥१२०॥

kṣaumavatśaṅkhaśṛṅgāṇāmasthidantamayasya ca |
śuddhirvijānatā kāryā gomūtreṇaudakena vā ||120||

The learned man should purify conch-shells, horn and things mads of bone and tusk, like linen; and by c ow’s urine or water. — (120).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The ‘bone’, ‘horn’ and ‘tusk’ meant are those of the touchable animals, — the cow, the sheep end the elephant, — and not of such animals as the dog, the ass and the like.

‘Water’ and ‘cow’s urine’ are optional alternatives; while the use of ‘white mustard’ is to be combined with either of these. — (120).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(Verse 121 of others.)

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 260); — in Nityācārapradīpa (p. 99); — in Parāśaramādhava Prāyaścitta, p. 138); — and in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 805).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(See the texts under 110.)

Gautama (1.30-31). — ‘Stone, jewels, shells and mother-o’-pearl should be scoured; — articles of hone and clay should bo planed.

Baudhāyana (1.8.45-47). — ‘Bones should be cleansed like wood (by planing); conch-shells, horn, pearl-shells and ivory should be cleansed like linen (with paste of yellow mustard).’

Vaśiṣṭha (3.50-52). — ‘Stones and gems (like metals) should be scoured with ashes; so also conch-shells and pearl-shells; objects made of hone should he planed.’

Viṣṇu (23. 23). — ‘Things made of horns, hone or teeth should be cleansed with sesamum.’

Yājñavalkya (1.185). — ‘Wood, horn and bones and things made out of fruits should he scoured with brush made of the hairs of the cow’s tail.’

Yama (Aparārka, p. 261). — ‘Vessels made of gourd and wood and bamboo-chips, when very much defiled, should????? given up.’

Parāśara (7.28). — ‘Things made of bamboo, tree-bark, linen and cotton cloth, woolen and jute are purified by sprinkling water.’

Aṅgiras (Parāśaramādhava, p. 138). — ‘Woolen things are purified by air, fire and sun’s rays; they are not defiled by the touch of semen or of a dead body.’

VERSE 5.121

Section XIII - Purification of Substances

प्रोक्षणात् तृणकाष्ठं च पलालं चैव शुध्यति ।
मार्जनौपाञ्जनैर्वेश्म पुनःपाकेन मृण्मयम् ॥१२१॥

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