the quality or fact of happening or being done at exactly the same time

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Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

UNIT 15

electric charge, n

ɪˈlektrɪk tʃɑːdʒ

the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field

his electronic charge is positive

электронный заряд

Electron, n

ɪˈlektrɒn

a very small piece of matter (= a substance) with a negative electric charge

Metals have many electrons

электрон

Proton, n

ˈprəʊtɒn

a very small piece of matter (= a substance) with a positive electric charge that forms part of the nucleus (= central part) of an atom

Atomic nuclei are made up of protons

протон

Conductor, n

kənˈdʌktə(r)

a substance that allows electricity or heat to pass along it or through it

Wood is a poor conductor.

проводник

Insulator, n

ˈɪnsjuleɪtə(r)

a material or device used to prevent heat, electricity, or sound from escaping from something

Insulator helps save components from damage

Изолятор

Grounded, adj

ˈɡraʊndɪd

means making objects neutral or uncharge

The device is grounded so it is safe

Заземленный

Coulomb’s law

[ˈkuːlɔm'ses lɔː]

the force of attraction or repulsion acting along a straight line between two electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely to the square of the distance between them

Based on Coulomb’s law

Закон Кулона

electric field, n

ɪˈlektrɪk fiːld

a region associated with a distribution of electric charge or a varying magnetic field in which forces due to that charge or field act upon other electric charges

Electrons move in an electric field

Электрическое поле

UNIT 16

electric potential, n

iˈlek.trɪk pəˈten.ʃəl

The amount of work energy needed to move a unit of electric charge from a reference point to the specific point in an electric field

Potential energy per unit charge

The electric potential of two or more charges is obtained by applying the superposition principle…

Электрический потенциал

potential difference, n

pəˈten.ʃəl ˈdɪf.ər.əns

The amount of current multiplied by the resistance

Change in potential energy of a charge moved from one point to another, divided by the charge; units of potential difference are joules per coulomb, known as volt

The transfer of charge stops when the potential difference across the plates equals the potential difference of the battery

Разность потенциалов

mechanical energy, n

məˈkæn.ɪ.kəl ˈen.ə.dʒi

The sum of potential energy and kinetic energy

Sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of a system; this sum is a constant

The mechanical energy stays the same.

Механическая энергия

equipotential line, n

laɪn

A surface on which all points are at the same potential

A line along which the electric potential is constant

Difference potential of two points ofequipotential line is zero

Эквипотенциальная линия

Capacitor, n

kəˈpæs.ɪ.tər

A device that collects and stores electricity, and is an important part of electronic equipment such as televisions and radios

A device that stores electric charge

A capacitor consists of two parallel metal plates separated by a distance

Конденсатор

Capacitance, n

kəˈpæs.ɪ.təns

The ability of an object or material to store electricity

Amount of charge stored per unit volt

SI Unit of capacitanceis farad

Электроемкость

UNIT 17

electric current, n

iˈlek.trɪk ˈkʌr.ənt

A stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space

The rate at which charge flows

The direction of conventional current used in this book is the direction positive charges flow

Электрический ток

Ampere, n

ˈæm·pɪər

The standard unit of measurement for the strength of an electric current

(amp) the SI unit for current

The ampere was then defined as one coulomb of charge per second

Ампер

drift velocity, n

drɪft vəˈlɒs.ə.ti

The average velocity attained by charged particles, such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field

The average velocity at which free charges flow in response to an electric field

The drift speed is normally much smaller than the free electrons' average speed between collisions with the fixed atoms of the conductor

Дрейфовая скорость

Ohm’s law, n

əʊm lɔː

The current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points

An empirical relation stating that the current I is proportional to the potential difference V

Ohm's law is used in all work with electricity

Закон Ома

Resistance, n

rɪˈzɪs.təns

The degree to which a substance prevents the flow of an electric current through it

The electric property that impedes current; for ohmic materials, it is the ratio of voltage to current

Iron has low resistance

Сопротивление

simple circuit, n

ˈsɪm.pəl ˈsɜː.kɪt

A closed loop of a conductor that electrons can travel around, usually consisting of a power source and an electrical component or device and conducting wire

A circuit with a single voltage source and a single resistor

Inside is a very simple electric circuit with a few diodes

Простоя цепь

UNIT 19

Ferromagnetic adj, n

having the same kind of magnetism (= power to attract other objects) that iron has

Such materials are said to be ferromagnetic

Ферромагнетик

Domain, n

a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a uniform direction.

Domains typically range from about 10~4 cm to 0.1 cm

Домен

magnetic monopoles, n

a hypothetical elementary particle that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole

There is some theoretical basis for the speculation that magnetic monopoles (isolated north or south poles) exist in nature

Магнитные монополи

magnetic field, n

a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials

The electric force is directed parallel to the electric field while the magnetic force on a moving charge is directed perpendicular to the magnetic field

Магнитное поле

Tesla, n

The SI unit used to measure the strength of magnetic fields

The SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (T)

Тесла

Gauss, n

A unit of measurement of magnetic induction, also known as magnetic flux density

One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimetre.

Гаусс

                                               UNIT 20

Induced emf

in-ˈdüs

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.

The current creates an inductive emf

Индуцированная ЭДС

Magnetic flux

mæɡˌnetɪk ˈflʌks

a measure of magnetic induction represented by lines of force

If the spectral gap ever dropped below a critical value as scientists inserted more and more magnetic flux

Магнитный поток

Lenz's law

lɔː

a law in physics: the electromotive force due to electromagnetic induction tends to produce a current in such direction that the reaction of the current with the inducing flux opposes whatever change is responsible for the induction

According to Lenz's law, electric fields don't like to change.

закон Ленца

Split- ring

[splɪt rɪŋ]

a metal ring which consists of two complete turns of a helix pressed flat together and upon which objects (such as keys) may be strung

split ring can generate an unusually shaped electric field

разрезное кольцо

Coal-fired plant

Coal-fired power plant creates a lot of emissions

A coal-fired power station or coal power plant is a thermal power station which burns coal to generate electricity

Coal-fired power plant creates a lot of emissions

Угольная электростанция

Blades of a turbine

[bleɪdz ɒv ɑ ˈtɜːbaɪn]

A turbine blade is the individual component which makes up the turbine section of a gas turbine or steam turbine.

A turbine has many turbine blades

Лопасти турбины

Slip rings. n

[slɪp rings]

A ring in a dynamo or electric motor which is attached to and rotates with the shaft, passing an electric current to a circuit via a fixed brush pressing against it.

Slip rings is made of iron

Контактные кольца

Weber, n

ˈveɪbə(r)

The SI unit of magnetic flux, causing the electromotive force of one volt in a circuit of one turn when generated or removed in one second

Weber is an important unit of measurement

Вебер

Henry, n

ˈhenri

the SI derived unit of electrical inductance causing an electric current that is changing at one ampere per second results in an electromotive force of one volt across the inductor

The Henry unit is named after its creator

Генри

UNIT 22

Ray, n

reɪ

A narrow beam of light, heat, etc. travelling in a straight line from its place of origin

A beam of sunlight passing through a darkened room traces out the path of a light ray

Луч

law of reflection, n

lɔː əv rɪˈflek.ʃən

The law of reflection states that when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

The laws of reflection and refraction can be deduced using a geometric method proposed by Huygens in 1678.

Закон отражения

Refraction, n

rɪˈfræk.ʃən

The fact of light or sound being caused to change direction or to separate when it travels through water, glass, etc

The laws of reflection and refraction can be deduced using a geometric method proposed by Huygens in 1678. H

Преломление

index of refraction, n

ˈɪn.deks əv rɪˈfræk.ʃən

the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium

If we make careful measurements, however, we find that the index of refraction in anything but vacuum depends on the wavelength of ligh

Показатель преломления

Dispersion, n

dɪˈspɜː.ʃən

The separation of light into different colours

There is the separation of light into different colors 

Рассеивание

UNIT 23

converging lens, n

kənˌvɜː.dʒɪŋ ˈlenz

There is a lens to use we can display an image on the screen

Note that a converging lens has a positive focal length under this convention

Собирающая линза

diverging lens, n

daɪˈvɜːdʒ ˈlenz

There is a lens to use we can’t display an image on the screen

a diverging lens has a negative focal length

Рассеивающая линза

focal point, n

fəʊ.kəl ˈpɔɪnt

Focal point corresponds to parallel rays traveling from the lens and intersecting in this point

A thin lens has two focal points, one on each side of the lens.

Точка фокуса

focal length, n

ˌfəʊ.kəl ˈleŋθ

The distance from the focal point to the lens is called the focal length

The focal length is the image distance that corresponds to an infinite object distance

Фокусное расстояние

real image, n

rɪəl ˈɪm.ɪdʒ

It is an image which can be displayed on a screen

Real images can be displayed on a screen (as at a movie)

Реальное изображение

virtual image, n

ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl ˈɪm.ɪdʒ

It is an image which cannot be displayed on a screen

For a virtual image, the light doesn't pass through the image point, but appears to come (diverge) from there.

Мнимое изображение

Term

tɜːrm

a word or phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a particular type of language

a glossary of terms

термин

UNIT 24

Interference, n

ɪn.təˈfɪə.rəns

The interference is an optical phenomenon when light waves are interacting to each other and making result wave, which amplitude may be different

Two sources (producing two traveling waves) are needed to create interference

Интерференция

Film, n

fɪlm

For example, the film is the thin surface of a soap bubble or thin layers of oil on water.

With this arrangement, the air film between the glass surfaces varies in thickness from zero at the point of contact to some value

Пленка

Diffraction, n

dɪˈfræk.ʃən

The diffraction is an optical phenomenon when light waves

One type of diffraction, called Fraunhofer diffraction, occurs when the rays leave the diffracting object in parallel directions

Дифракция

Grating, n

ɡreɪ.tɪŋ

The diffraction grating, a useful device for analyzing light sources, consists of a large number of equally spaced parallel slits

A grating can be made by scratching parallel lines on a glass plate with a precision machining technique.

Дифракционная решетка

Polarization, n

pəʊ.lə.raɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

It’s a property of light describing periodic motion of electric field vector

The phenomenon of polarization, described in this Unit, is firm evidence of the transverse nature of electromagnetic waves

Поляризация

Scattering, n

ˈskæt.ər.ɪŋ

The absorption and reradiation of light by the medium, called scattering, is what causes sunlight reaching an observer on Earth from straight overhead to be polarized

It's a scatter diagram

Рассеяние света

Absorption, n

əbˈzɔːp.ʃən

There is a process when one particular or light is absorbed by another particular or something else

In 1932, E. H. Land discovered a material, which he called Polaroid, that polarizes light through selective absorption by oriented molecules.

Поглощение

UNIT 26

Relativity, n

,rel.əˈtɪv.ə.ti

either of two theories of physics giving the relationship between space, time, and energy, especially for two objects moving in different ways

The concepts of special relativity often violate our common sense.

Относительность

Special relativity, n

speʃ.əl ,rel.əˈtɪv.ə.ti

Special relativity relates observations of inertial observers

The

Специальная теория относительности

of special relativity often violate our common sense

General relativity, n

ˈdʒen.ər.əl rel.əˈtɪv.ə.ti

One interesting effect predicted by general relativity is that time scales are altered by gravity

interpretations of general relativity that reject this geometrization of physics.

общая теория относительности

Simultaneity, n

/sɪm.əlˈteɪ.nity/

Simultaneity is relative reference frame

одновременность

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