Animal Bites. Bee, Wasp, Insect Stings. Remove the Stinger. Control Swelling. Treat Symptoms. Follow-Up. Choking. Give Back Blows. Wounds. Electrical shock. Caution. Frostbite. Human bites. Seek emergency medical care.

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Accidents happen. Someone chokes on an ice cube or gets stung by a bee. Everyone should learn basic first aid techniques. You never know when you might need them - you could be at home, at work, at school or on holiday.

Whether it's a minor situation or something more serious, first aid knowledge will give you the confidence to act. You could be the difference between life and death.

Qualities of a first aider:

-Calm, Confident, Willing to offer assistance whenever necessary, Patience

Aims of a first aider: 3P: Preserve live, Prevent Injuries/conditions from worsening, Promote recovery

Animal Bites

Wild animals usually avoid people. They might attack, however, if they feel threatened, are sick, or are protecting their young or territory. Attacks by pets are more common. Animal bites rarely are life-threatening, but if they become infected, you can develop serious medical problems.

To prevent animal bites and complications from bites

· Never pet, handle or feed unknown animals

· Vaccinate your cats, ferrets and dogs against rabies

· Get a tetanus booster if you have not had one recently

· Wear boots and long pants when you are in areas with venomous snakes

If an animal bites you, give the wound prompt attention and clean it well. Get medical attention if necessary.

Burns

A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns.

There are three types of burns:

· First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin

· Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath

· Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath

Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. After a third-degree burn, you need skin or synthetic grafts to cover exposed tissue and encourage new skin to grow. First- and second-degree burns usually heal without grafts.

Do:Cool burns under water, remove jewellery, cover burns with steril non-stik dressing, treat for shok

Bee, Wasp, Insect Stings

Most insect bites are harmless, though they feel unpleasant. Bee, wasp, and hornet stings and fire ant bites usually hurt. Mosquito, flea and mite bites usually itch. Insects can also transmit diseases, such as yellow fever and malaria. These diseases mainly are a risk for travelers outside the United States.

If the person does not have severe allergy symptoms:

1. Remove the Stinger

2. Control Swelling

3. Treat Symptoms

If the person does not have severe allergy symptoms:

1. Remove the Stinger

· Scrape the area with a fingernail or use tweezers to remove it.

· Don't pinch the stinger -- that can inject more venom.

2. Control Swelling

· Ice the area.

· If you were stung on your arm or leg, elevate it.

· Remove any tight-fitting jewelry from the area of the sting. As it swells, rings or bracelets might become hard to get off.

3. Treat Symptoms

· For pain, take an over-the-counter painkiller like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin to anyone under age 18.

· For itchiness, take an antihistamine. You can also apply a mixture of baking soda and water or calamine lotion.

4. Follow-Up

It might take 2-5 days for the area to heal. Keep it clean to prevent infection.

allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), if symptoms:

· Difficulty breathing or wheezing

· Tightness in the throat or a feeling that the airways are closing

· Hoarseness or trouble speaking

· Nausea, abdominal pain, or vomiting

· Fast heartbeat or pulse

· Skin that itches, tingles, swells, or turns red

· Anxiety or dizziness

· Loss of consciousness

Choking

Food or small objects can cause choking if they get caught in your throat and block your airway. This keeps oxygen from getting to your lungs and brain. If your brain goes without oxygen for more than four minutes, you could have brain damage or die.

Young children are at an especially high risk of choking. They can choke on foods like hot dogs, nuts and grapes, and on small objects like toy pieces and coins. Keep hazards out of their reach and supervise them when they eat.

1. Give Back Blows

· Give up to 5 blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.

2. If Person Is Still Choking, Do Thrusts

If the person is not pregnant or obese, do abdominal thrusts:

· Stand behind the person and wrap your arms around the waist.

· Place your clenched fist just above the person’s navel. Grab your fist with your other hand.

· Quickly pull inward and upward.

· Continue cycles of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is coughed up or the person starts to breathe or cough.

· Take the object out of his mouth only if you can see it. Never do a finger sweep unless you can see the object in the person's mouth

3. Give CPR, if Necessary

Wounds

Wounds include cuts, scrapes, scratches and punctured skin. They often occur as a result of an accident or injury, but surgical incisions, sutures, and stitches also cause wounds. Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but even cuts and scrapes require care. To avoid infection and aid healing

· Apply pressure with a clean cloth to stop bleeding

· Clean the wound with water

· Use an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection

· Bandage the wound if it's in an area that might get dirty

· Watch for swelling and redness

· Get a tetanus booster if you are due for one

Serious and infected wounds require medical attention. You should also seek attention if the wound is deep, if you cannot close it yourself, if you cannot stop the bleeding or get the dirt out, or if it does not heal.

Electrical shock

The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current, how high the voltage is, how the current traveled through the body, the person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated.

While waiting for medical help, follow these steps:

· Look first. Don't touch. The person may still be in contact with the electrical source. Touching the person may pass the current through you.

· Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If not, move the source away from you and the person, using a dry, nonconducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.

· Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately.

· Prevent shock. Lay the person down and, if possible, position the head slightly lower than the trunk with the legs elevated.

After coming into contact with electricity, the person should see a doctor to check for internal injuries, even if he or she has no obvious signs or symptoms.

Caution

· Don't touch the person with your bare hands if he or she is still in contact with the electrical current.

· Don't get near high-voltage wires until the power is turned off. Stay at least 20 feet away — farther if wires are jumping and sparking.

· Don't move a person with an electrical injury unless the person is in immediate danger.

Frostbite

When exposed to very cold temperatures, skin and underlying tissues may freeze, resulting in frostbite. The areas most likely to be affected by frostbite are your hands, feet, nose and ears.

If your skin looks white or grayish-yellow, is very cold and has a hard or waxy feel, you may have frostbite. Your skin may also itch, burn or feel numb. Severe or deep frostbite can cause blistering and hardening. As the area thaws, the flesh becomes red and painful.

Gradually warming the affected skin is key to treating frostbite. To do so:

· Protect your skin from further exposure. If you're outside, warm frostbitten hands by tucking them into your armpits. Protect your face, nose or ears by covering the area with dry, gloved hands. Don't rub the affected area and never rub snow on frostbitten skin.

· Get out of the cold. Once you're indoors, remove wet clothes.

· Gradually warm frostbitten areas. Put frostbitten hands or feet in warm water — 104 to 107.6 F (40 to 42 C). Wrap or cover other areas in a warm blanket. Don't use direct heat, such as a stove, heat lamp, fireplace or heating pad, because these can cause burns before you feel them on your numb skin.

· Don't walk on frostbitten feet or toes if possible. This further damages the tissue.

· If there's any chance the affected areas will freeze again, don't thaw them. If they're already thawed, wrap them up so that they don't become frozen again.

· Get emergency medical help. If numbness or sustained pain remains during warming or if blisters develop, seek medical attention.

Human bites

Human bites can be as dangerous as or even more dangerous than animal bites because of the types of bacteria and viruses contained in the human mouth. If someone cuts his or her knuckles on another person's teeth, as might happen in a fight, this is also considered a human bite.

If you sustain a human bite that breaks the skin:

1. Stop the bleeding by applying pressure with a clean, dry cloth.

2. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water.

3. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection.

4. Apply a clean bandage. Cover the affected area with a nonstick bandage.

If you haven't had a tetanus shot within five years, your doctor may recommend a booster. In this case, you should have the booster within 48 hours of the injury.

Nosebleeds

misconceptions surrounding first aid

Nosebleeds are best treated by putting the head back. If you put the head back during a nosebleed, all the blood goes down the back of the airway. Instead advise them to tilt their head forwards and ask the person to pinch the end of their nose and breathe through their mouth.

· Sit upright and lean forward. By remaining upright, you reduce blood pressure in the veins of your nose. This discourages further bleeding. Sitting forward will help you avoid swallowing blood, which can irritate your stomach.

· Pinch your nose. Use your thumb and index finger to pinch your nostrils shut. Breathe through your mouth. Continue to pinch for five to 10 minutes. Pinching sends pressure to the bleeding point on the nasal septum and often stops the flow of blood.

· To prevent re-bleeding, don't pick or blow your nose and don't bend down for several hours after the bleeding episode. During this time remember to keep your head higher than the level of your heart.

Food-borne illness

 All foods naturally contain small amounts of bacteria. But poor handling of food, improper cooking or inadequate storage can result in bacteria multiplying in large enough numbers to cause illness. Parasites, viruses, toxins and chemicals also can contaminate food and cause illness.

Signs and symptoms of food poisoning vary with the source of contamination, and whether you're dehydrated or have low blood pressure. Generally they include:

· Diarrhea

· Nausea

· Abdominal pain

· Vomiting (sometimes)

· Dehydration (sometimes)

With significant dehydration, you might feel:

· Lightheaded or faint, especially on standing

· A rapid heartbeat

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