Text 2. Types of construction

↑

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 41 из 46Следующая ⇒

In load-bearing-wall construction the walls transmit the load to the foundation. In skeleton construction, all loads are transmitted to the foundation by a rigidly constructed framework made up of beans, girders and columns. This skeleton carries the roof, walls, and floors, together with their loads. Load-bearing-wall construction is usually most economical for buildings less than four storeys high, but skeleton construction is better for taller buildings. All buildings in the skyscraper class are of skeleton construction. The first building to have skeleton construction was the 10- storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago. Completed in 1885, this building was the world's first skyscraper.     

Many parts of a building have no structural function. Partition walls and curtain walls carry only their own weight and serve to divide the interior of a building or to keep out the elements. Other nonload-bearing parts include windows, doors, stairs, and lifts.     

In one method of construction, called tilt-up construction, concrete wall panels are formed at ground level. Cranes or derricks then lift them into position. Lift-slab construction may be used for positioning roof and floor slabs. These slabs are formed with concrete at ground level, within the framework of the building. They are then lifted into place using hydraulic jacks.     

Beams, girders, and columns support a building much like bones support the body. They form the skeleton of the superstructure, and bear the weight of the walls and each floor of the building. Beams and girders run horizontally. Girders are usually larger than beams. Closely spaced beams are called joists, especially in wooden buildings. Purlins are small beams that brace rafters or girders and help provide the structure to support roofs. Beams above window and door openings are called lintels. Slabs are beams whose width is greater than their depth.     

Columns are heavy vertical supports that carry the load of beams and girders. Trusses consist of many wood or steel supports that are connected in triangular patterns. They provide the strength and rigidity to span large distances with relatively small amounts of material. Arches are curved supports that usually extend over openings. 

Познавательные статьи:



Коммуникативные барьеры и пути их преодоления

Рынок недвижимости. Сущность недвижимости

Решение задач с использованием генеалогического метода

История происхождения и развития детской игры