Code of Hammurabi (c. 1700 B.C.E.)

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Code of Hammurabi (c. 1700 B.C.E.)

Note: The Code of Hammurabi was a compilation of almost three hundred laws on every aspect of life. Much can be learned both about Mesopotamian life and ideals through these laws. It should be kept in mind that we cannot be sure how well enforced these laws were, but it is safe to say that a powerful king in ancient Mesopotamia thought these were the laws that would guide a just society. This code was not was not an entirely new set of laws, but a compilation and revision of earlier law codes of the Sumerians and Akkadians

Prologue:

. . . When Marduk (God of Babylon) sent me to rule the people and to bring help to the country, I established law and justice in the language of the land and promoted the welfare of the people. At that time, I decreed:

Justice

1. If a man brings an accusation against another man, charging him with murder, but cannot prove it, the accuser shall be put to death.
2. If a man has accused another of laying a spell upon him, but has not proved it, the accused shall go to the sacred river, he shall plunge into the sacred river, and if the sacred river shall conquer him, he that accused him shall take possession of his house. If the sacred river shall show his innocence and he is saved, his accuser shall be put to death.
3. If a man bears false witness in a case, or does not establish the testimony that he has given, if that case is case involving life, that man shall be put to death.
4. If a man bears false witness concerning grain or money, he shall himself bear the penalty imposed in the case.
5. If a judge pronounces judgment, renders a decision, delivers a verdict duly signed and sealed, and afterward alters his judgment, they shall call that judge to account for the alteration of the judgment which he has pronounced, and he shall pay twelve-fold the penalty in that judgment; and, in the assembly, they shall expel him from his judgment seat.

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