Grammatical characteristics of relative adjectives.

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§ 8. Grammatical characteristics of relative adjectives.

1. Relative adjectives have no degrees of comparison.

2. They do not form adverbs with the suffix -ly. But if they develop a figurative meaning, adverbs can be formed.

wooden — 1) made of wood; 2) not showing enough natural expres­sion, emotion or movement.

She speaks her lines ratherwoodenly.

3. They have certain typical suffixes, such as -en, -an, -ist, -ic, -ical: wooden, Italian, socialist, synthetic, analytical.

4. Relative adjectives are chiefly used as attributes.

... she was a fair example of the middleAmerican class... (Dreiser) (ATTRIBUTE)

She had noticed a prettywooden chain upon Gretel's neck. (Dodge) (ATTRIBUTE)

"Certainly," answered Hilda, looking kindly into the two earnest faces, and wishing from her heart that she had not spent so much of hermonthly allowance for lace and finery. (Dodge) (ATTRIBUTE)

The morning waswindy and sharp. (Saxton) (PREDICATIVE)

§ 9. Substantivized adjectives.

Substantivized adjectives have acquired some or all of the charac­teristics of the noun, but their adjectival origin is still generally felt.

Substantivized adjectives are divided into wholly substantivized and partially substantivized adjectives.

Wholly substantivized adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, namely the plural form, the genitive case; they are associated with articles, i. e. they have become nouns: a native, the natives, a na­tive's hut.

Some wholly substantivized adjectives have only the plural form: eatables, valuables, ancients, sweets, greens.

Partially substantivized adjectives acquire only some of the cha­racteristics of the noun; they are used with the definite article. Partially substantivized adjectives denote a whole class: the rich, the poor; the unemployed. They may also denote abstract notions: the good, the evil, the beautiful, the singular, the plural, the future, the present, the past.

Substantivized adjectives denoting nationalities fall under wholly and partially substantivized adjectives.

Wholly substantivized adjectives are: a Russian — Russians, a Ger­man — Germans.

Partially substantivized adjectives are: the English, the French, the Chinese.

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