LISTENING (approximately 30 minutes)

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LISTENING (approximately 30 minutes)

Part One

You will hear part of a university lecture in political science. For questions 1-10, choose the best answer (A, B or C).

1In the introduction the lecturer says that

A.the world has always been divided into nation-states.

B.empires are older than primitive tribes and Greek city-states.

C.the concept of a “nation” is a recent phenomenon.

2According to the lecture, which is NOT a difference between “nation” and “state”?

A.A nation is a cultural entity, while a state is a political entity.

B.A nation does not share a common history.

C.Only a state has a government.

3The lecturer point out that printing and the press

A.could have helped to develop the image of national unity.

B.appeared before nation states.

C.divided national communities.

4 Talking about the geographical factor, the professor gives an example of African countries to show that

A.clear boundaries can make nations more homogenous

B.geographical isolation may not bring unity

C.boundaries can be imposed artificially

5The professor talks about Belgium and the Netherlands to point out to

A.the language divide

B.language unity

C.language diversity

6The lecturer uses the Kurds as an example of

A.a nationless state

B.a people divided by ethnicity

C.a stateless nation

7Which characteristic of Ireland does the professor utilize in his lecture?

A.It is part of the UK.

B.It is defined by its religion.

C.It has a common ethnicity.

8Which idea the professor would NOT accept?

A.Iraq should be divided into three nations.

B.No factor can clearly define the nation-state. 

C.State boundaries often ignore national history.

9What conclusion does the lecturer make about dividing nation-states?

A.It should be considered on a case-by-case basis.

B.Quite the opposite should be done.

C.It should be done much more often.

10What is the lecture mainly about?

A.The definitions of a nation and the idea of nation-statehood.

B.The differences between various nations.

C.The history and future of nationhood.

Part Two

You will hear a news report about new kinds of diplomacy. For questions 11-20, choose the best answer (A, B or C).

11 It was unusual that Antony Blinken, the state secretary, should

A.start communicating with young people

B.go to Africa

C.go on a online visit

12Virtual diplomacy

A.made international relations harder

B.helped international relations continue during the pandemic

C.will not probably be used in the post-pandemic future

13The reason why many diplomats want to get back to meetings in person is

A.they do not trust Zoom

B.they don’t want to build trust over Zoom

C.body language is not evident over Zoom

14 While making hard agreements it is vital

A.to be close in space and time to other participants

B.to have a seat next to Vladimir Putin

C.to walk in the woods with other diplomats

15Mr Blinken’s online visit to Africa

A.is expected to be more effective than an actual visit

B.will hardly be as effective as a real trip

C.is likely to have a negative impact

16Physical diplomacy

A.is due to resume

B.is not possible yet

C.will not come back soon

 17According to the report, it is wrong to assume that

A.diplomacy will return to its pre-pandemic form

B.virtual diplomacy is highly efficient

C.diplomacy and business are simple

18Hybrid diplomacy implies the combination of

A.business and diplomacy

B.practical and productive meetings

C.online and offline negotiations

19Libya and Yemen are given as examples of

A.criticism of “digital dialogues”

B.successful use of digital platforms

C.a logistical nightmare

20The conclusion is made that new tools in diplomacy

A.will bring benefits under certain conditions

B.are definitely for the better

C.will be used in the wrong way

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