Adhikarana II — The refutation of the atomic system

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The author now refutes the theory of the Vaisheshikas. They hold the opinion that there are four sorts of atoms, namely, earthy (physical), watery (astral), fiery (mental) and aerial (Buddhic). These atoms are parties, but possess the quality of colour, touch, taste and smell, and are spherical in form. At the time of Pralaya, they exist in a latent state, without originating any effect, but at the time of creation, they originate this world by combining together in forming binary and ternary compounds: owing to their being in contact with the Souls, having Adrishta in them. In this theory, two atoms are brought into activity by the action of Adrishta of the soul residing in them. The souls in the atoms set them in motion, and thus there takes place the union of two atoms, and a binary is formed which is «small». Thus three causes operate to produce a binary, namely, two atoms (Samavayi cause), their union (Asamavayi cause), and the Adrishta of the souls, which brings about the union and which thus constitutes the operative cause (Nimitta cause), and so on. Similarly, from three binary molecules, set in motion by the Adrishta of the souls within them, there is produced the «big» called the ternary. Two atoms cannot product; a ternary, for a tiling requires a bigger cause and larger number of atoms. A bigger effect must have a larger cause. Similarly, four ternaries give rise to a quaternary, and so on bigger and bigger things are produced. Thus by the conglomeration of the molecules are produced the big (visible) earth, the big waters, the big fire, the big air. The colour, taste, scent, etc., seen in the effect, are dependent on the particular colour, etc., inherent in the ultimate atoms which are its Samavayi cause. The qualities latent in the cause produce the qualities in the effects which are manifest. Thus the world comes into existence. When the Lord wishes to destroy the world, He withdraws from the binaries, the .active force of affinity which had brought about the union of two atoms, when this affinity is destroyed the two atoms fall asunder, and thus the binary ceases to exist. The binary being thus destroyed, the ternary and others are also destroyed, and thus the earth, etc., cease to exist. Thus when the thread is destroyed the cloth is destroyed. The qualities of colour, etc., cease also with the cessation of their substrate, the binaries, etc. This is the method of the dissolution of a world. The atoms in this system are called Parimandala or spherical. The size of an «ultimate atom» (Parimandala) is called Parimandalyam. A binary is called in this system Anu or «atom», while the name Paramanu is given to the «ultimate atoms». The size of a binary is called short or small, Hrashva, or atomic, while the size of the ternary is called big or Mahat (or rather that which has a perceptible magnitude.)

Note: The word Parimandala is the name of the «ultra atom» in this system; while the Anu of other systems corresponds with the Dvyanu or binary of this. Similarly, the words Hrasva or short and Mahat or big are differently used here. Every binary is a Hrasva, everything above the binary is Mahat.

Doubt: Here arises the doubt: Is it a consistent theory to hold that the world is produced by the atoms (without the guidance of the Lord)?

Purvapaksha: The Adrishtas of the souls bring about the union of atoms by setting in motion the two atoms. The atoms being thus set in motion, come into union, and thus a binary is produced; and so on. There is no inconsistency in this view, and it is the right view.

Siddhanta: The creation is not thus brought about. The next Sutra shows this.

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