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Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

It is only the lord of a kingdom that is entitled to the performance of a Horse-sacrifice; as the sacrificial fee prescribed in that connection is such gold and other metals as have been won from the Eastern and other quarters.

Those persons who have not performed the Fire-laying rite are not entitled to the performance of any sacrifice. Nor would they he justified in laying the Fires for the purpose of these sacrifices only; because the rites for the purposes of expiation are to be done only along with their own accessory details, and ‘Fire-laying’ does not form the accessory of any of these sacrifices. — (74)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Svarjitā.’ — ‘Svarjit’ is the name of a sacrifice, according to Nārāyaṇa and Kullūka; — according to others the term is only an epithet of ‘gosavena.’

‘Trivṛtā’. — Qualifies the ‘Agniṣṭut’, according to Medhātithi; — but stands for a distinct sacrifice, the Trivṛtstoma, according to Govindarāja and Nārāyaṇa.

For the Gosava see Kātyāyana-śrautasūtra 22.11.3 for the Ābhijit, Āśvalāyana-śrautasūtra 8.5.13; — for the Agniṣṭut, Ibid 9.7.22 — 25.

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.248); — and in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 405).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.75

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

जपन् वाऽन्यतमं वेदं योजनानां शतं व्रजेत् ।
ब्रह्महत्यापनोदाय मितभुज्ञियतेन्द्रियः ॥७५॥

japan vā'nyatamaṃ vedaṃ yojanānāṃ śataṃ vrajet |
brahmahatyāpanodāya mitabhujñiyatendriyaḥ ||75||

Or, for the purpose of expiating Brāhmaṇa -slay ing, he shall walk eight hundred miles, reciting one of the Vedas, eating little and controlling his senses. — (75)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Eating little’ — i.e., just enough to satisfy his hunger.

‘Controlling his senses’ — i.e.. leading a celibate life and not hankering after sensual objects. — (75)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Prāyaścittaviveka (p. 172).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.76

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

सर्वस्वं वेदविदुषे ब्राह्मणायोपपादयेत् ।
धनं हि जीवनायालं गृहं वा सपरिच्छदम् ॥७६॥

sarvasvaṃ vedaviduṣe brāhmaṇāyopapādayet |
dhanaṃ hi jīvanāyālaṃ gṛhaṃ vā saparicchadam ||76||

He shall make over to a Brāhmaṇa learned in the Veda, his entire property, which should be wealth sufficient for his maintenance, — or a house along with the furniture. — (76)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

He shall give away everything that he may be possessed of, in the shape of gold, cattle and the like.

The author adds a declamatory qualification — ‘wealth sufficient for his maintenance’: — That is the giving of the property would be equal to making a gift to him of his life.

‘Or, a house along with the furniture.’ — ‘Furniture’ includes all such household accessories as butter, oil, grains, pots and pans, metals, beds, seats and so forth. — (76)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.250); — in Aparārka (p. 1061), which adds the following notes: — One who is unable to provide property enough for his lifelong maintenance, should give a house with furniture, and if unable to give this latter, he should give away all that he possesses; — in Madanapārijāta (p. 802), which also adds the same note; — in Parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, p. 399), which adds that the rule is that one who is sonless shall give away his entire property, while one who has a son shall give only a house with furniture; — and in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Prāyaścitta 6a.)

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.77

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

हविष्यभुग् वाऽनुसरेत् प्रतिस्रोतः सरस्वतीम् ।
जपेद् वा नियताहारस्त्रिर्वै वेदस्य संहिताम् ॥७७॥

haviṣyabhug vā'nusaret pratisrotaḥ sarasvatīm |
japed vā niyatāhārastrirvai vedasya saṃhitām ||77||

Or, subsisting on ‘sacrificial food,’ he may walk along each stream of the Sarasvatī; or with food restrained, he may thrice recite the text of the Veda — (77)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Sacrificial food.’ — Food fit for ascetics; such as Nīvara and other corns; also such village-produce as butter, milk and such things.

‘Along each stream.’ — Of the Sarasvatī river there are several branch-streams; and along each one of these he should walk.

‘With food restrained’ — desisting from food.

‘Text of the Veda’ — consisting of the ‘mantra’ and ‘Brāhmaṇa’ portions. This he shall repeat thrice.

With regard to these Expiatory Rites, the following is the final conclusion: — (A) In the ease of one intentionally killing a common Brāhmaṇa, the ‘twelve-year-long penance’ is an alternative to ‘becoming the target, of armed men.’ The ‘twelve-year-old penance’ does not end in death; yet, if in the interval the man dies off by chance, the expiation would have been only half-done, and hence the purification not being complete, the guilt would not cease; — in the case of the other alternative, on the other hand, the man becomes freed from sin then and there; and it would be by sheer chance that the man, struck with arrows, would not die. Hence, in any particular case, the one or the other alternative expiation might be prescribed, in accordance with one’s wish. — (B) As regards ‘falling into Fire,’ this should be done only in cases where the individual Brāhmaṇa killed was endowed with Vedic learning and such other superior qualities; and this ‘falling’ should be in the sacrificial fire. They have a saying on this point. — ‘For the Brāhmaṇa-slayer there are three conditions: — (1) dying, (2) cutting off of limbs with weapons, and (3) consignment to the

Sacrificial fire.’ There can be no duplication in the case of those penances that end in death; as, during a single life, no one can die twice. Hence, where such duplication is necessary, it should be secured by making the man suffer additional torture. In the case of the ‘Twelve-year Penance,’ no such duplication would be right; for what man is there who would he possessed of the energy of the gods, which would enable him to perform a rite for twenty-four years? Specially as, if at the end of a certain year, the man were to die off, the entire expiation would become frustrated. — (C) As regards the Horse-sacrifice (prescribed in 75), it is an optional alternative permissible for the three higher castes, only when it is possible for the person concerned to perform it — (d) As regards the ‘Gosava’ and other sacrifices (prescribed in 75), these would be admissible only in a case where the slaying is done unintentionally and the slayer happens to be a highly qualified person. — (E) ‘Walking eight hundred miles’ is admissible in a case where the killing is done intentionally and the person killed is a common Brāhmaṇa; and so on with the rest In 75, ‘tṛvṛtā’ (triple) is an epithet of ‘Agniṣṭutā.’ Similarly the ‘Svarjit-gosava’ and the ‘Abhijit-Viśvajit’ constitute two expiatory rites. — (77)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.249), to the effect that the food to be eaten should be ‘haviṣya’ only; — and in Aparārka (p. 1060), which adds that ‘niyatāhāra’ means that the food should be either small in quantity or of ‘haviṣya’ kind only; — the man becomes purified by reciting the text of the Veda three times, — or by being restrained in food and going along the Sarasvatī from its mouth upwards to its source.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.78

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

कृतवापनो निवसेद् ग्रामान्ते गोव्रजेऽपि वा ।
आश्रमे वृक्षमूले वा गोब्राह्मणहिते रतः ॥७८॥

kṛtavāpano nivased grāmānte govraje'pi vā |
āśrame vṛkṣamūle vā gobrāhmaṇahite rataḥ ||78||

Having shaved off, he may dwell at the extremity of the village, or in a cow-pen, or in a hermitage under a tree, — giving himself up to doing good to cows and Brāhmaṇas. — (78)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This verse sets forth certain optional details regarding the ‘Twelve-year Penance,’ — the ‘shaving’ being the only additional factor laid down.

The man living under a tree in the hermitage, — this being an alternative to the ‘hut’ (prescribed in 73).

“How is it that this alternative was not mentioned along with the other one (in 73)?”

The older writers have explained that this has not been done, because the author desired it to be understood that all that follows after the present verse pertains to the ‘Twelve-year Penance,’ and it does not constitute a distinct penance. If in the course of the treatment of one subject, an entirely new subject is introduced, it becomes something wholly different; and the introducing of a wholly different subject before the one already taken up has been finished, would be highly objectionable. If the rite thus interpolated were an independent one, the only thing one could do would be to adopt in practice only one of the two. — (78)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse lays down an option regarding observances during the twelve years of penance (verse 72) — according to Medhātithi, Govindarāja and Kullūka; — according to Nārāyaṇa it provides a general rule for all penances.

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.243), which cays that this is an option to what has been said in verse 72; — in Madanapārijāta (p. 788), which also adds that this lays down an option; — and in parāśaramādhava (Prāyaścitta, pp. 399-400), which notes that the ‘vā’ of the ‘Kṛtavāpanaḥ’ indicates that ‘shaving’ is an option to the wearing of matted locks.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.79

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

ब्राह्मणार्थे गवार्थे वा सद्यः प्राणान् परित्यजेत् ।
मुच्यते ब्रह्महत्याया गोप्ता गोर्ब्राह्मणस्य च ॥७९॥

brāhmaṇārthe gavārthe vā sadyaḥ prāṇān parityajet |
mucyate brahmahatyāyā goptā gorbrāhmaṇasya ca ||79||

He may give up his life unhesitatingly for the sake of a cow or a Brāhmaṇa; the protector of the cow and the Brāhmaṇa becomes absolved from the guilt of Brāhmaṇa-killing. — (79)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

If the man gives up his life in trying to save, — even though he does not succeed in saving, — he becomes absolved; while, if he succeeds in saving, then he becomes absolved, even though he may not lose his life in doing it. — (79)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Madanapārijāta (p. 797), which adds the following explanation: — Here the text lays down separately, (a) ‘immediate surrendering of his life for the sake of a Brāhmaṇa,’ and (b) ‘saving of the cow and the Brāhmaṇa’; from which it follows that — (a) if the man succeeds in saving the cow or the Brāhmaṇa, he becomes purified, even though his own life may have been saved, and (b) even though he may not succeed in saving the cow or the Bārhmaṇa, he becomes purified, if he has tried his best and lost his life in the attempt to save them.

It is quoted in Aparārka (p. 1058), which adds the following notes: — This is to be taken in connection with the ‘Twelve years penance’; even though the man may not succeed in saving the cow or the Brāhmaṇa, if he has tried his best, and perishes in the attempt, he becomes purified; and if he has succeeded in saving them, he becomes purified, even though he may not have lost his life in the attempt.

It is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.244), which adds that ‘saving the Brāhmaṇa’ and ‘perishing for the sake of the Brāhmaṇa’ are two distinct things.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.80

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

त्रिवारं प्रतिरोद्धा वा सर्वस्वमवजित्य वा ।
विप्रस्य तन्निमित्ते वा प्राणालाभे विमुच्यते ॥८०॥

trivāraṃ pratiroddhā vā sarvasvamavajitya vā |
viprasya tannimitte vā prāṇālābhe vimucyate ||80||

If he fights at least thrice on behalf of a Brāhmaṇa, or reconquers his entire property, or gives up his life for his sake, — he becomes absolved. — (80)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Fights’ — Takes up arms, or becomes wounded in the fight; — ‘at least thrice’ — He should repeat the act at least three times. If he does the fighting, he becomes absolved, even though he might have been killed without having saved the Brāhmaṇa.

‘Reconquers his entire property.’ — If the Brāhmaṇa’s property has been taken away by thieves, if he wins it back for him, he becomes absolved; — as also if he ‘gives up his life’ for the sake of the Brāhmaṇa.

“Giving up one’s life in defence of the Brāhmaṇa has been already mentioned (in the preceding verse).”

True; but what has been said in the preceding verse is that ‘the man becomes purified if he rescues, by fighting or by some other physical means, (1) a cow stuck in the mire, or (2) a cow being taken away by robbers, or (3) a Brāhmaṇa, being carried away either by his enemies, or by robbers, or by a stream’; while in the present verse what is mentioned is doing all this ‘for his sake’; and what is meant is that the man becomes absolved, if when, on his property being taken away by robbers, the Brāhmaṇa becomes stupefied and proceeds to commit suicide, — or when he is fighting unaided against the robbers, — if the man comes forward and pays to him the equivalent of what he has lost, and consoles him with such words as — ‘do not commit suicide, I am giving you this much wealth.’ — (80)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.246).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.81

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

एवं दृढव्रतो नित्यं ब्रह्मचारी समाहितः ।
समाप्ते द्वादशे वर्षे ब्रह्महत्यां व्यपोहति ॥८१॥

evaṃ dṛḍhavrato nityaṃ brahmacārī samāhitaḥ |
samāpte dvādaśe varṣe brahmahatyāṃ vyapohati ||81||

He who remains thus firm in his vow, always chaste and with concentrated mind, shakes off the sin of Brāhmaṇa-slaying, on the completion of the twelfth year. — (81)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This shows that the subject of the ‘Twelve-year Penance’ started (in 73), ends here.

‘Firm in his vow and with concentrated mind,’ these two terms only serve to fill up the metre.

This verse sums up what has gone before. — (81)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.244) as summing up the ‘twelve years’ penance.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.82

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

शिष्ट्वा वा भूमिदेवानां नरदेवसमागमे ।
स्वमेनोऽवभृथस्नातो हयमेधे विमुच्यते ॥८२॥

śiṣṭvā vā bhūmidevānāṃ naradevasamāgame |
svameno'vabhṛthasnāto hayamedhe vimucyate ||82||

Or, having confessed his guilt before the congregation of the gods of Earth and the gods of men, if he bathes at the Final Bath of the Horse-sacrifice, — he becomes absolved. — (82)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This text sets forth the last alternative.

‘Having confessed his guilt,’ his offence — ‘before the Congregation of the Gods of Earth — Brāhmaṇas — ‘and the Gods of men’ — Kṣatriyas; — the ‘Brāhmaṇa’ meant here are the priests officiating at a sacrifice, and the ‘Kṣatriya’ for the sacrificer. — Having done this, ‘if he bathes at the Final Bath of the Horse-sacrifice’ that has been performed, — ‘he becomes absolved.’

Some people think that, inasmuch as the treatment of the ‘Twelve-year penance’ has been finished, what is set forth in the present verse is a distinct alternative to it.

Others, however, hold that, inasmuch as alternatives have already been mentioned in the course of the description of the Twelve-year Penance itself, the present verse must be taken as laying down the final point of that same penance, — just in the same way as ‘dying for the sake of the cow or the Brāhmaṇa’ has been laid down; — this final point resembling the ‘rising’ either after the performance of the ‘Sārasvata’ sacrifice, or on reaching a water-fall.

Our view, however, is that — (1) since the former penance has already been summed up, the present one may be taken as a distinct alternative, while (2) on account of its occurring in the middle of the treatment of the former penance, it may be taken as forming part of it So that it may be taken as both, — it being efficacious when performed along with the Twelve-year Penance, as also when performed by itself alone, according to the circumstances attending each case. — (82)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Mitākṣarā (3.224), which adds the following notes: — ‘Bhūmideva’ are Brāhmaṇas, the sacrificial priests, — ‘naradeva’ is the king of these priests, i. e., the master of the sacrifice; — in an assembly of all these — ‘Śiṣṭvā,’ having proclaimed, his ‘enaḥ,’ guilt, — he shall take the final bath of the Aśvamedha sacrifice, if permitted by the aforesaid persons, and thus become purified.

It is quoted in Aparārka (p. 1057), which adds the following notes: — ‘Bhūmidevāḥ,’ Brāhmaṇas, — ‘Naradeva,’ the annointed Kṣatriya, — at an assembly of these persons, — ‘svam enaḥ,’ his guilt, of Brāhmaṇ-slaying, — ‘śiṣṭvā,’ having proclaimed, — and taking the avabhṛtha bath, — he becomes purified.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.83

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

धर्मस्य ब्राह्मणो मूलमग्रं राजन्य उच्यते ।
तस्मात् समागमे तेषामेनो विख्याप्य शुध्यति ॥८३॥

dharmasya brāhmaṇo mūlamagraṃ rājanya ucyate |
tasmāt samāgame teṣāmeno vikhyāpya śudhyati ||83||

The Brāhmaṇa is called the root of righteousness, and the Kṣatriya its top; hence one who confesses his guilt before their congregation becomes pure. — (83)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This is a declamatory statement in support of the injunction that — ‘the man should confess his guilt on the occasion of the performance of the Horse-sacrifice, where Brāhmaṇas, in the shape of the Priests, and Kṣatriya, in the shape of the sacrificer, come together.’ — (83)

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.84

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

ब्रह्मणः सम्भवेनैव देवानामपि दैवतम् ।
प्रमाणं चैव लोकस्य ब्रह्मात्रैव हि कारणम् ॥८४॥

brahmaṇaḥ sambhavenaiva devānāmapi daivatam |
pramāṇaṃ caiva lokasya brahmātraiva hi kāraṇam ||84||

By his very birth the Brāhmaṇa is a divinity even for the gods, and an authority for the people; and the Veda itself is the cause of this. — (84)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

It behoves the man liable to expiation to present himself before the Congregation or Court, and he should act in accordance with that law which may be honoured by that assembly; the present verse and the next serve to indicate the high qualifications of the assembly.

‘By his very birth the Brāhmaṇa is a divinity even for the gods’ — and ‘for the people he is an authority’ — trustworthy guide, — people reposing as much trust on his words as upon what they see with their own eyes.

‘The Veda itself is the cause of this.’ — The Brāhmaṇa is regarded as an authority on spiritual matters, only because he knows the Veda and what is contained in it — (84)

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 11.72-86)

See Comparative notes for Verse 11.72.

VERSE 11.85

Section VII - Special Expiation for Special Offences: (a) For Killing a Brāhmaṇa

तेषां वेदविदो ब्रूयुस्त्रयोऽप्येनः सुनिष्कृतिम् ।
सा तेषां पावनाय स्यात् पवित्रा विदुषां हि वाक् ॥८५॥

teṣāṃ vedavido brūyustrayo'pyenaḥ suniṣkṛtim |
sā teṣāṃ pāvanāya syāt pavitrā viduṣāṃ hi vāk ||85||

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