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Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.294-297)

See Comparative notes for Verse 9.294.

VERSE 9.297

Section XXXIX - The Seven ‘Limbs’ of the Kingdom (saptāṅga)

तेषु तेषु तु कृत्येषु तत् तदङ्गं विशिष्यते ।
येन यत् साध्यते कार्यं तत् तस्मिंश्रेष्ठमुच्यते ॥२९७॥

teṣu teṣu tu kṛtyeṣu tat tadaṅgaṃ viśiṣyate |
yena yat sādhyate kāryaṃ tat tasmiṃśreṣṭhamucyate ||297||

Each ‘limb’ is particularly qualified for the fulfilment of a distinct purpose; and hence each is declared to be the most important in reference to that purpose which is fulfilled by its means. — (297)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

There is nothing that is not helpful to the King; there may he some purpose that is served by an inferior agent, and not by a superior one. Hence every one of the ‘constituents’ should be carefully attended to; that is, the People should not he harassed by unfair punishments, and they should be always guarded against robbers and other dangers.

Thus it is that the present section is connected with the subject of the ‘Removal of Thorns.’ — (297)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 320).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.294-297)

See Comparative notes for Verse 9.294.

VERSE 9.298

Section XXXIX - The Seven ‘Limbs’ of the Kingdom (saptāṅga)

चारेणोत्साहयोगेन क्रिययैव च कर्मणाम् ।
स्वशक्तिं परशक्तिं च नित्यं विद्यान्महीपतिः ॥२९८॥

cāreṇotsāhayogena kriyayaiva ca karmaṇām |
svaśaktiṃ paraśaktiṃ ca nityaṃ vidyānmahīpatiḥ ||298||

The king shall constantly ascertain his own and his enemy’s strength through spies, through display of energy and also through the actual carrying out of undertakings. — (298)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The King shall always keep himself informed of his own and his enemy’s strength. He should find out. — ‘What does he intend to do?’ — ‘What is he able to do against me?’ — ‘What am I able to do against him?’

“How is all this to be ascertained?”

(a) ‘Through spies’ — as described under Discourse VII; — (b) ‘Through display of energy’ — when a King rewards men they are happy and become imbued with energy, and carrying on their agricultural operations successfully, reap rich harvests [and this shows the King’s power]. — (c) ‘Through the actual carrying out of undertakings;’ — such undertakings as the disposition of armies and so forth, which are indicative of the enemy’s strength; as all these are signs of material prosperity, and from this is all strength derived. — (298)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 328).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.298-300)

Kāmandaka (12.26 etc.). — ‘Sly spies, disguised as ascetics, traders or artisans, should go out in all directions, apprising themselves of the opinion of the world. Spies well-informed in everything should every day come to and go away from the King; as they are the eyes of the King and enable him to see distant things.’

VERSE 9.299

Section XXXIX - The Seven ‘Limbs’ of the Kingdom (saptāṅga)

पीडनानि च सर्वाणि व्यसनानि तथैव च ।
आरभेत ततः कार्यं सञ्चिन्त्य गुरुलाघवम् ॥२९९॥

pīḍanāni ca sarvāṇi vyasanāni tathaiva ca |
ārabheta tataḥ kāryaṃ sañcintya gurulāghavam ||299||

The king shall begin operations after having taken into consideration all calamities and vices, and their relative importance. — (299)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Calamities’ — such as famine, drought, rats, locusts, thunderstorms and so forth.

‘Vices’ — due to lust, anger and so forth.

In addition to this, he shall take into consideration also the doings of his sons; — he shall not always display energy; nor always show discontent; he shall also take into consideration the ‘six accessories’ of kingship, his daily income and expenditure, and all that may be going on in his kingdom, which he may have learnt from his spies.

The actions of men may also be ascertained by noting their tendencies towards dancing, music and such entertainments. — (299)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 328).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.298-300)

See Comparative notes for Verse 9.298.

VERSE 9.300

Section XXXIX - The Seven ‘Limbs’ of the Kingdom (saptāṅga)

आरभेतैव कर्माणि श्रान्तः श्रान्तः पुनः पुनः ।
कर्माण्यारभमाणं हि पुरुषं श्रीर्निषेवते ॥३००॥

ārabhetaiva karmāṇi śrāntaḥ śrāntaḥ punaḥ punaḥ |
karmāṇyārabhamāṇaṃ hi puruṣaṃ śrīrniṣevate ||300||

Tired and tired, over again he should begin his operations; for fortune favours the man who undertakes operations. — (300)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Man’. — This shows that it is not only the King, but also the ordinary man who attains prosperity by exerting himself. This is what is meant by the saying — ‘Even at the hands of death one should seek prosperity.’ — (300)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 329).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.298-300)

See Comparative notes for Verse 9.298.

VERSE 9.301 [Personal Behaviour of the King]

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

कृतं त्रेतायुगं चैव द्वापरं कलिरेव च ।
राज्ञो वृत्तानि सर्वाणि राजा हि युगमुच्यते ॥३०१॥

kṛtaṃ tretāyugaṃ caiva dvāparaṃ kalireva ca |
rājño vṛttāni sarvāṇi rājā hi yugamucyate ||301||

The actions of the king constitute the ‘Kṛta’, the ‘Tretā’, the ‘Dvāpara’ and the ‘Kali’ cycles; as it is the king that is called the ‘cycle.’ — (301)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

For this reason also the King should be always exerting himself: — Want of exertion represents ‘Kali;’ as it constitutes a great evil. The King should not argue that — ‘Kali being a particular personage known in history, how can I be Kali?’ — because the King’s own acts constitute the several ‘cycles.’ — This is further explained in the following verse. — (301)

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.302

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

कलिः प्रसुप्तो भवति स जाग्रद् द्वापरं युगम् ।
कर्मस्वभ्युद्यतस्त्रेता विचरंस्तु कृतं युगम् ॥३०२॥

kaliḥ prasupto bhavati sa jāgrad dvāparaṃ yugam |
karmasvabhyudyatastretā vicaraṃstu kṛtaṃ yugam ||302||

Asleep, he represents ‘Kali;’ awake, the ‘Dvāpara’ cycle; ready to act, the ‘Tretā’; and actually acting, the ‘Kṛta’ cycle. — (302)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

When he is ‘asleep’, inactive, he represents ‘Kali.’

‘Awake’, — i.e., while knowing the means of his advancement, if he does not actually exert himself, — he is ‘Dvāpara.’ When he has made up his mind to act he is ‘Tretā.’

When he actually acts with a view to attaining success, in accordance with the scriptures, he is ‘Kṛta’. — (302)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

Cf. Aitareya Brāhmaṇa 7.15.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.303

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

इन्द्रस्यार्कस्य वायोश्च यमस्य वरुणस्य च ।
चन्द्रस्याग्नेः पृथिव्याश्च तेजोवृत्तं नृपश्चरेत् ॥३०३॥

indrasyārkasya vāyośca yamasya varuṇasya ca |
candrasyāgneḥ pṛthivyāśca tejovṛttaṃ nṛpaścaret ||303||

The king shall emulate the energetic activity of Indra, of Arka, of Vāyu, of Yama, of Varuṇa, of Chandra, of Agni and of Pṛthvī. — (303).

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Energy’ — strength, capacity to act. — (303)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19), where ‘tejovṛttam' is explained as ‘conduct in keeping with the portions of Indra and other gods.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.304

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

वार्षिकांश्चतुरो मासान् यथेन्द्रोऽभिप्रवर्षति ।
तथाऽभिवर्षेत् स्वं राष्ट्रं कामैरिन्द्रव्रतं चरन् ॥३०४॥

vārṣikāṃścaturo māsān yathendro'bhipravarṣati |
tathā'bhivarṣet svaṃ rāṣṭraṃ kāmairindravrataṃ caran ||304||

As Indra showers rain during four months of the year, so shall the king, acting like Indra, shower benefits on his people. — (304)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The actual limitation regarding the four months is not meant to be emphasised in the present connection. What is meant is that during the four months, the Cloud mins constantly, and hence the King also shall confer benefits upon his people constantly. That is to say, he shall so act that his people may become attached to him. — (304)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19), where ‘caturaḥ’ is explained as the four months beginning with Śrāvaṇa.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.305

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

अष्टौ मासान् यथाऽदित्यस्तोयं हरति रश्मिभिः ।
तथा हरेत् करं राष्ट्रात्नित्यमर्कव्रतं हि तत् ॥३०५॥

aṣṭau māsān yathā'dityastoyaṃ harati raśmibhiḥ |
tathā haret karaṃ rāṣṭrātnityamarkavrataṃ hi tat ||305||

Just as during eight months, Āditya draws up water with his rays, even so the king shall draw taxes from the people, — this being the function of arka. — (305)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The sun draws water gently, little by little, — and the King also shall realise his taxes gently, little by little. This is the meaning of the simile. — (305)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19), where ‘aṣṭau’ is explained as eight months beginning with Mārgaśīrṣa.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.306-307

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

प्रविश्य सर्वभूतानि यथा चरति मारुतः ।
तथा चारैः प्रवेष्टव्यं व्रतमेतद् हि मारुतम् ॥३०६॥

यथा यमः प्रियद्वेष्यौ प्राप्ते काले नियच्छति ।
तथा राज्ञा नियन्तव्याः प्रजास्तद् हि यमव्रतम् ॥३०७॥

praviśya sarvabhūtāni yathā carati mārutaḥ |
tathā cāraiḥ praveṣṭavyaṃ vratametad hi mārutam ||306||

yathā yamaḥ priyadveṣyau prāpte kāle niyacchati |
tathā rājñā niyantavyāḥ prajāstad hi yamavratam ||307||

As Vāyu moves about, entering all beings, — even so shall the king penetrate everywhere through his spies; — this is the function of Vāyu. — (306).

As Yama, at the approach of the proper time, restrains both friends and enemies, even so shall all men be restrained by the king; this is the function of Yama. — (307)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

(verses 9.306-307)

Whenever a crime has been committed, the King shall act equally towards those he loves and those he hates. — (306-307)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verse 9.306)

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19)

(verse 9.307)

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.308

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

वरुणेन यथा पाशैर्बद्ध एवाभिदृश्यते ।
तथा पापान्निगृह्णीयाद् व्रतमेतद् हि वारुणम् ॥३०८॥

varuṇena yathā pāśairbaddha evābhidṛśyate |
tathā pāpānnigṛhṇīyād vratametad hi vāruṇam ||308||

As one is always found bound up with ropes by Varuṇa, even so shall the king punish the wicked; this is the function of Varuṇa. — (308)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Without distinction, all offenders should be punished, and not allowed to escape. — (308)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.309

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

परिपूर्णं यथा चन्द्रं दृष्ट्वा हृष्यन्ति मानवाः ।
तथा प्रकृतयो यस्मिन् स चान्द्रव्रतिको नृपः ॥३०९॥

paripūrṇaṃ yathā candraṃ dṛṣṭvā hṛṣyanti mānavāḥ |
tathā prakṛtayo yasmin sa cāndravratiko nṛpaḥ ||309||

The people rejoice at seeing the full moon; the king at whose appearance the people rejoice in that manner is a king who fulfills the functions of the moon. — (309)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

What this means is that at the time that the King is seeing his people he shall be free from anger, joyous in countenance^ and wearing fine dresses and ornaments.

The people ‘rejoice’ at seeing the King, — i.e., all their sorrows disappear. — (309)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.310

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

प्रतापयुक्तस्तेजस्वी नित्यं स्यात् पापकर्मसु ।
दुष्टसामन्तहिंस्रश्च तदाग्नेयं व्रतं स्मृतम् ॥३१०॥

pratāpayuktastejasvī nityaṃ syāt pāpakarmasu |
duṣṭasāmantahiṃsraśca tadāgneyaṃ vrataṃ smṛtam ||310||

He shall always be endowed with brilliant energy and ardent in his wrath against offenders; he shall exterminate his disaffected vassals; this is the function of agni. — (310)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The function of fire is that it is furious and consuming against the wicked. ‘Vassals’ — i.e., ministers and others endowed with riches. — (310)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.311

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

यथा सर्वाणि भूतानि धरा धारयते समम् ।
तथा सर्वाणि भूतानि बिभ्रतः पार्थिवं व्रतम् ॥३११॥

yathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni dharā dhārayate samam |
tathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni bibhrataḥ pārthivaṃ vratam ||311||

As the earth sustains all beings equally, so does the king support all beings; and this is the function of Pṛthivī. — (311)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Dharā’ — The earth.

The king shall support the poor and the destitute persons, as also their families. — (311)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 19), which adds the following explanation: — ‘Just as the earth supports all sorts of beings, animate and inanimate, high and low, — so also does the king protect all men, those who are capable of paying taxes as well as the poor and the distressed; and this is called his Pārthiva-vrata’.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.312

Section XL - Personal Behaviour of the King

एतैरुपायैरन्यैश्च युक्तो नित्यमतन्द्रितः ।
स्तेनान् राजा निगृह्णीयात् स्वराष्ट्रे पर एव च ॥३१२॥

etairupāyairanyaiśca yukto nityamatandritaḥ |
stenān rājā nigṛhṇīyāt svarāṣṭre para eva ca ||312||

Betaking himself to these and other methods, the king, ever alert, shall restrain thieves in his own realm as well as in that of others. — (312)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

This verse serves to sum up the section.

‘These methods’ — the functions of the gods — ‘others’ — to be learnt by experience. — (312)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 20), which adds the following notes: — ‘Ātandritaḥ’, free from idleness, — ‘stenān’, thieves.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 9.301-312)

[See texts under 7.1-42.]

VERSE 9.313 [The Treatment of Brāhmaṇas]

Section XLI - The Treatment of Brāhmaṇas

परामप्यापदं प्राप्तो ब्राह्मणान्न प्रकोपयेत् ।
ते ह्येनं कुपिता हन्युः सद्यः सबलवाहनम् ॥३१३॥

parāmapyāpadaṃ prāpto brāhmaṇānna prakopayet |
te hyenaṃ kupitā hanyuḥ sadyaḥ sabalavāhanam ||313||

Even when fallen in the deepest distress, the king shall not provoke the Brāhmaṇas; for if provoked, they would ruin him, along with his army and conveyances. — (313)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Even when a, King with a depleted treasury has a heavy indemnity levied by a powerful enemy, — even in such a distress, he shall not draw upon the wealth of the Brāhmaṇa; nor are they to be provoked to anger by any marks of disrespect etc. — (313)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājaniti, p. 151), which adds the following explanations: — ‘Parām āpadam’ the w orst calamity, brought about by the depletion of his treasury and by being attacked by a more powerful King; — even though fallen in such, the king should not ‘provoke the Brāhmaṇas to anger’, by forcibly seizing their property or by treating them with disrespect.

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