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sarvopāyaistathā kuryānnītijñaḥ pṛthivīpatiḥ |
yathā'syābhyadhikā na syurmitrodāsīnaśatravaḥ ||177||

By means of all the expedients, the politic king shall act in such a manner that his allies, neutrals and enemies do not become superior to himself. — (177)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The mention of ‘expedients’ in general implies that use may be made of these either severally or collectively; and the epithet ‘all’ indicates that he may resort to whatever expedient he can; even such, for instance, us the formation of cliques and the like.

‘Act in such a manner’ — try to manage his affairs in such a way.

‘Politic’ — well versed in the science of government, naturally possessed of keen intelligence, as also conversant with the art of politics.

‘Superior’ — in the three elements of strength; — so that his allies and others may not be so, he shall act in all things, — in the undertakings of his people — in such a way as to make himself greater than all of them.

In view of metrical exigencies the author has omitted to mention the ‘intermediary’. But he also is to be watched, and not ignored, because friendly. There is no such thing as a ‘friend’, without some motive of his own; in fact when a friend becomes great, he also, for some purpose of his own, becomes an enemy; as says Vyāsa — ‘No one is anybody’s friend, nor is any body any body’s enemy; friends and enemies are to be regarded as such only in accordance with the powers that they possess.’

By means of these expedients, the king shall deliberate upon his. whole circle. — (177)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 328); — ‘and in Nītimayūkha (p. 58).

VERSE 7.178

Section XII - Daily Routine of Work

आयतिं सर्वकार्याणां तदात्वं च विचारयेत् ।
अतीतानां च सर्वेषां गुणदोषौ च तत्त्वतः ॥१७८॥

āyatiṃ sarvakāryāṇāṃ tadātvaṃ ca vicārayet |
atītānāṃ ca sarveṣāṃ guṇadoṣau ca tattvataḥ ||178||

He shall fully think over the future and the present condition of all undertakings, as also the good and bad points of all past ones. — (178)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Undertakings’ — Business affairs. When any work is going to be undertaken, he shall consider its ‘future’ — i.e., its developments to come, — and also its ‘present condition’, — i.e., its condition at the beginning, — ‘fully’ — in all its real details. As a matter of fact, undertakings have several offshoots, and undergo transformation in a moment; so that if both ends (future and present) of an undertaking are not dearly grasped, it is difficult to ascertain in what manner it shall be proceeded with; hence the necessity of consi d eration, which the present text enjoins.

‘Also the good and bad points of all past ones’ — shall then be pondered over. Here also having thought over the good and bad points of past actions, one has to make up his mind to undertake first those which are found to have only good points; and brain lies the use of thinking over the good and bed points of past acts, — which are enjoined in the present text — (178)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 328).

VERSE 7.179

Section XII - Daily Routine of Work

आयत्यां गुणदोषज्ञस्तदात्वे क्षिप्रनिश्चयः ।
अतीते कार्यशेषज्ञः शत्रुभिर्नाभिभूयते ॥१७९॥

āyatyāṃ guṇadoṣajñastadātve kṣipraniścayaḥ |
atīte kāryaśeṣajñaḥ śatrubhirnābhibhūyate ||179||

He, who is alive to the good and bad points in re gard to the future, is quick in his decisions relating to the present, and understands the consequences of his acts in the past, is never overpowered by his enemies. — (179)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Thus if a king knows the good and bad points of an act, likely to appear in the future, he would act with deliberation; and would undertake only such acts as are likely to develop good points, and avoid those likely to lead to evil. It is for this reason that the knowledge of the likely developments of an undertaking is necessary.

‘Relating to the present’; — he who takes quick decisions, and does not delay their execution, is said to be ‘quick in his decisions’; such a person is quick to act, and does what leads to good, and not what leads to evil:

‘In the past’; — when an act has been done, if the man judges the act by ite end only, he becomes great by reason of his undertaking only such acts as lead to good; — and he is ‘never overpowered by his enemies’.

As a matter of fact, it is not possible for the Six measures of Policy to be dealt with in detail in a work dealing with Dharma; hence the subject has been treated of only briefly. — (179)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 328).

VERSE 7.180

Section XII - Daily Routine of Work

यथैनं नाभिसन्दध्युर्मित्रोदासीनशत्रवः ।
तथा सर्वं संविदध्यादेष सामासिको नयः ॥१८०॥

yathainaṃ nābhisandadhyurmitrodāsīnaśatravaḥ |
tathā sarvaṃ saṃvidadhyādeṣa sāmāsiko nayaḥ ||180||

He shall arrange everything in such a manner that his allies or neutrals or enemies may not get the better of him; this is the sum-total of state-policy. — (180)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

He should set in such a manner that others may not get the better of him by means of the several expedients. This is the sum-total of state-policy. This is a summing up.

In the manner shown above there is no inconsistency in the employment of the ‘Six Measures’. It has to be borne in mind that if a king succeeds (1) in keeping his plans secret, (2) in adopting remedial measures at the advent of troubles, (3) in keeping his own circle contented, and (4) in duly employing the measures and expedients, — then he attains success in his affairs. — (181)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 328).

VERSE 7.181 [War]

Section XIII - War

तदा तु यानमातिष्ठेदरिराष्ट्रं प्रति प्रभुः ।
तदानेन विधानेन यायादरिपुरं शनैः ॥१८१॥

tadā tu yānamātiṣṭhedarirāṣṭraṃ prati prabhuḥ |
tadānena vidhānena yāyādaripuraṃ śanaiḥ ||181||

When the king undertakes an expedition against the enemy’s kingdom, he shall advance slowly towards the enemy’s capital, in the following manner. — (181)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The text now describes what is to be done by one who is going to undertake an expedition.

When he wishes to undertake an expedition against the enemy’s kingdom, then he should advance, in the following manner against his capital, without hurry.

This verse serves as an introduction to what is going to be described, and serves the purpose of making it more easily intelligible. — (181)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 400); — in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti,. p. 330); — and in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Saṃskāra, p. 72b).

VERSE 7.182

Section XIII - War

मार्गशीर्षे शुभे मासि यायाद् यात्रां महीपतिः ।
फाल्गुनं वाथ चैत्रं वा मासौ प्रति यथाबलम् ॥१८२॥

mārgaśīrṣe śubhe māsi yāyād yātrāṃ mahīpatiḥ |
phālgunaṃ vātha caitraṃ vā māsau prati yathābalam ||182||

The king shall start on his expedition in the auspicious month of Mārgaśīrṣa, or towards the months of Phalguna and Caitra, according to the condition of his forces. — (182)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

When he is going to undertake an expedition involving a campaign that might be a long one, in consideration of his own forces and also in that of the king against whom he is marching, — he shall march against the hostile kingdom in the month of Mārgaśīrṣa, when his forces are fully equipped and when his stores are fully replenished with the autumn-harvest. Starting about this time, he can easily carry with him the autumn-fruits garnered in the house and is cheered by the prospects of the spring-harvest. The time is quite fit for the work of laying siege to fortresses and to forth; and the path also is not beset with deviations and diversion due to the overgrowth of grasses or the over-flowing of risers; and the season is neither too hot nor too cold. At any other time of the year food-grains, even though sufficient, cannot be of sufficiently diverse quality, the season of the three harvests being far off; so that the enemy would be likely to take shelter under a powerful king, which would lead to the unnecessary expenditure of the stock of food-grains of both parties, and the attacking king’s own forces also would become weakened.

If however the king is desirous only of inflicting some injury on the enemy’s territory, or when the expedition is expected to take a short time, and his force is sufficiently strong, then he may start also during the months of Phālguṇa and Caitra, specially against a country which is rich in spring-harvests. At this time of the year also, he can obtain fodder and at the same time inflict an injury upon the other party, by destroying the crops standing in the fields.

‘According to the condition of his forces’; — he should regulate his marches according to the strength of his army. — (182)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 400); — in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 330); — in Smṛtitattva (p. 713); and again on p. 742, to the effect that if the king’s business is urgent, he may proceed on an expedition at any time; — in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Saṃskāra, p. 72b): — and in Rājanītiratnākara (p. 26a).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.182-183)

Viṣṇu (3.40). — ‘He shall set out on an expedition in the month of Caitra or Mārgaśīrṣa.’

Yājñavalkya (1.347). — ‘He shall go out on an expedition at a time when the kingdom of the enemy happens to be full of crops.’

Viṣṇudharmottara (Vīramitrodaya-Rājanīti, p. 331). — ‘The king shall go out on an expedition during the month of Caitra or Mārgaśīrṣa.’

Yama (Parāśaramādhava, p. 399). — ‘The marching of the army has been recommended during Caitra or Mārgaśīrṣa; as at that time the corns are ripe and there is plenty of water, the weather also is neither too cold nor too hot. Hence the march should he undertaken at that time; or at any time when the enemy is found to he in difficulties.’

Kāmandaka (15.35). — ‘The best season for the marching out of elephants is when the sky is overspread with masses of rain-clouds; seasons other than this are suitable for the marching of horses: and the proper season for a military expedition is that which is neither too hot nor too cold, nor rainy nor dry, and when the earth is covered with corn.’

VERSE 7.183

Section XIII - War

अन्येष्वपि तु कालेषु यदा पश्येद् ध्रुवं जयम् ।
तदा यायाद् विगृह्यैव व्यसने चोत्थिते रिपोः ॥१८३॥

anyeṣvapi tu kāleṣu yadā paśyed dhruvaṃ jayam |
tadā yāyād vigṛhyaiva vyasane cotthite ripoḥ ||183||

At other times also, if he perceives certain victory, then he shall pick up a quarrel and march forward; also when some trouble has arisen for the enemy. — (183)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Even apart from the seasons mentioned in the preceding verse, ‘at other times’ — during the rains and other seasons also, — if he thinks that his victory is ‘certain’ — sure to come — then ‘he shall march forward’ — if he has a strong force, during the rains, — has his elephants and horses in full strength, then, by virtue of the strength of his forces, his victory is certain.

‘Trouble’ for the enemy, in connection with his army and treasury &c.; when such trouble has arisen, then he may march against him, even irrespectively of the condition of his own forces; since the army, suffering from its own internal troubles, becomes easily reducible; in fact he perishes, even like a log of wood which perishes by the mere touch of.........(?).

‘He shall pick up a quarrel’; — he must march forward; after having attacked and challenged the enemy he shall advance, when he knows the other party is in great trouble. — (183)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

Cf. Kāmandaka, 11.3.

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 401); — in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 330), to the effect that the ‘enemy’s difficulty’ being itself laid down as affording the best opportunity for marching against him, there is no room for any other consideration; — and in Smṛtitattva (p. 742) to the same effect.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 7.182-183)

See Comparative notes for Verse 7.182.

VERSE 7.184-185

Section XIII - War

कृत्वा विधानं मूले तु यात्रिकं च यथाविधि ।
उपगृह्यास्पदं चैव चारान् सम्यग् विधाय च ॥१८४॥

संशोध्य त्रिविधं मार्गं षड्विधं च बलं स्वकम् ।
साम्परायिककल्पेन यायादरिपुरं प्रति ॥१८५॥

kṛtvā vidhānaṃ mūle tu yātrikaṃ ca yathāvidhi |
upagṛhyāspadaṃ caiva cārān samyag vidhāya ca ||184||

saṃśodhya trividhaṃ mārgaṃ ṣaḍvidhaṃ ca balaṃ svakam |
sāmparāyikakalpena yāyādaripuraṃ prati ||185||

Having duly made arrangements at the base, as also those pertaining to the expedition, having secured a basis, and having duly deputed his spies, — having cleared the three kinds of roads, and having equipped his own six-fold force, — he shall advance against the enemy’s capital in the manner prescribed for warfare. — (184-185)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

(verses 7.184-185)

‘At the base’ — in his own kingdom and in his own fort — he shall establish a rear-guard by way of ‘arrangement’ i.e., as a precautionary measure; that is, he shall supply the fort with a large supply of food-grains &c. and with fitted up machines and defences and ditches &c. The kingdom also he shall leave protected by companies of soldiers. Having made the Commander thoroughly contented by means of honours and presents, he shall appoint him in charge of outposts in his rear along the boundaries of his territory; and a fully-equipped army shall be left under him, within his own territories.

‘Those pertaining to the expedition’ — i.e., the preparations for the expedition, consisting in providing weapons of offence and defence for the elephant — corps, the cavalry and other branches of the army.

‘Duly’ — i.e. according to the instructions contained in works dealing with the art of war.

‘Basis’ — f oot-hold; from where the temper of the people other than his enemies might be duly watched; — having ‘secured’ — made his own — such a ground.

For the purpose of learning the condition of things in the enemy’s kingdom, having ‘deputed’ — appointed — spies; for the purpose of finding out whether the enemy has began to get together his forces, or to rouse his opponent’s circle to rebellion, or to take shelter with a neutral or indifferent king; and he should also seek to ascertain whether the enemy is going to check his very first advance directly, or to cut off his communications, and all other allied matters. — (184)

‘Three kinds of roads’ — i.e., those passing (1) through the open country, (2) through marshy ground, and (3) through forests. Some people read ‘vana’ is place of ‘āṭavika’, and thus make up the ‘three’. Others again describe the ‘three kinds of roads’ as (1) high, (2) low and (3) level.

‘Having cleared’; — cutting off the trees, thickets and creepers obstructing the path, and levelling the undulations of the ground, preparing fords in rivers and ravines, destroying the wild animals besetting the path, winning over the path-finders to his side, and getting together supplies of food and fodder &c.

‘Six-fold force’ — according to some the six factors are — (l) Elephants, (2) horses, (3) chariots and (4) footsoldiers — these four constituting the ‘army’ — and (5) Treasury and (6) Mechanics. Others read ‘fixing of rates’ in place of ‘treasury’. According to others again, the six factors are — (1) the hereditary soldiers of the king, (2) mercenaries, (3) groups, (4) friendly (5) unfriendly and (6) foresters.

‘In the manner prescribed for warfare’; — ‘Sāmparāyikam’ means pertaining to ‘samparaya’ or tear; — i.e., that which has been laid down for the purpose of war; in that manner, — i.e., in the manner prescribed for advancing against a fort, — he shall advance against the enemy.

The disposition of the army shall be in accordance with the nature of the ground; palisades being set of with dry or living pillars, with several openings, and made of sticks, planks and branches of trees and so forth. Special care has to be taken regarding this daring the time that the army is on the march. — (185)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

(verse 7.184)

‘Upagṛhyāspadam’ — ‘Having won over the disaffected servants of the enemy’ (Govindarāja, Kullūka and Rāghavānanda); — ‘having established a camp in the enemy’s country’ (Nārāyaṇa).

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 401); — and in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 396), which adds the following notes — ‘mūle’, ‘at the base, in his own kingdom’ — ‘vidhānam’, ‘measures for defending, such as garrisoning and so forth.’

(verse 7.185)

‘Ṣaḍvidham balam’ — ‘(1) Elephants, (2) horses, (3) chariots, (4) foot-soldiers, (5) army-treasury, (6) labourers; or (1) the maula (2) bhṛtya, (3) śreṇī, (4) mitra, (5) amitra and (6) āṭavika; (Medhātithi); — the latter enumeration is found in Kāmandaka, 16.6, which is adopted by Nandana.

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 401); — and in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 396), which explains ‘ṣaḍvidham balam’ as consisting of the maula, the bhṛtaka and so forth,’ — and ‘Sāmparāyikakalpena’ as ‘in accordance with the rules of war’.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verse 7.185)

Uśanas (Parāśaramādhava, p. 401). — ‘Mula-bala (Hereditary army), Śreṇī-bala (groups), Mitra-bala (force of allies), Bhṛtaka-bala (mercenaries), Śatru-bala (unfriendly army), and Āṭavika-bala (army of foresters).’

VERSE 7.186

Section XIII - War

शत्रुसेविनि मित्रे च गूढे युक्ततरो भवेत् ।
गतप्रत्यागते चैव स हि कष्टतरो रिपुः ॥१८६॥

śatrusevini mitre ca gūḍhe yuktataro bhavet |
gatapratyāgate caiva sa hi kaṣṭataro ripuḥ ||186||

He shall be very much on his guard against an ally who may be secretly serving the enemy, as also against one who has gone away and returned; as he is the more dangerous enemy. — (1 86)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Who is serving his enemy secretly,’ — hidden; — against such an ‘ally’, as also against ‘one who has gone away and returned’ — ‘he shall be very much on guard; he shall be careful, watchful, in regard to them; i.e. he shall not trust them. Because such a person is ‘the more dangerous enemy’ — worse than one who is openly hostile to him.

The use of the epithets ‘very much on guard’ and ‘more dangerous’ implies that the person who has gone over to the other side and returned again should not be received back.

Such a person is of four kinds: — (1) He who has gone away for some reason, and comes back for some reason contrary to the reason for which he had gone, e.g. he went away on account of some defect in his chief, and comes back on having thought of his good qualities; (2) he who has come back for some reason; from among these the person who comes back for some reason shall be dismissed, as being fickle-minded and careless in his acts, and hence no confidence can be reposed in him; — (3) he who has gone for some reason, and returns also for the same reason; e.g. he goes on account of some bad quality of his chief, and returns also on account of some bad quality in his new chief; such a person shall be received with honour, and if his return is found to be due to his attachment to the former chief, he shall be taken back; (4) on the other hand, if he be found to have been deputed by the enemy of his chief with a view to cause some injury to his former chief, then he shall not be taken back. — (186)

When the king has started on his expedition against a hostile kingdom. —

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Rājanīti, p. 397).

VERSE 7.187

Section XIII - War

दण्डव्यूहेन तन् मार्गं यायात् तु शकटेन वा ।
वराहमकराभ्यां वा सूच्या वा गरुडेन वा ॥१८७॥

daṇḍavyūhena tan mārgaṃ yāyāt tu śakaṭena vā |
varāhamakarābhyāṃ vā sūcyā vā garuḍena vā ||187||

He shall march on this road arraying his army in the form of a staff, or in that of a cart, or a boar, or an alligator, or a needle or the Garuḍa-bird. — (187)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

When the army is arranged in the shape of a staff, it is said to be ‘arrayed in the form of a staff’; similarly when in the shape of the cart, it is ‘arrayed in the form of a cart’; and so on with the rest.

(A) In the fore-front, there is the Commander of the entire force, — then the king in the centre, — then the army-commander, — on his two flinks, the elephants, — close to them the horses, — then the footsoldiers; the whole of this army being, like the staff and operating in a straight line.

(B) Operating on both sides is the ‘needle-array’, in which the soldiers operate in a solid mass, the bravest being in the forefront; it constitutes a very much-lengthened line, all operating simultaneously.

(C) The ‘alligator-array’ is broad at the front face and at the two flanks (thighs), and highly recommended; as nowhere in this array is there any weak point; and even when pressed by braver enemies, it leads to the breaking up of the enemy’s forces; and in the end its purpose is entirely and surely accomplished. The rest of the army is to be thrown into the middle of the array.

The above-mentioned dispositions of the army ore to by resorted to in accordance with the end in view; on even ground the advance should be made either in the ‘staff’ or the ‘needle’ or the ‘garuḍa’ array; but on uneven ground, and on ground beset with obstructions, etc. that of the ‘cart’ or the ‘alligator’ or the ‘boar’. — (187)

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