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Brhannāradīya (Do., p. 37). — ‘On the road, in the cowpen, on river-bank, in a tank, near a wall, under the shade of trees, in a forest, near the fire, near Brāhmaṇas, cows, or elderly women, — one shall not pass stool or urine.’

Gautama (9.45.13). — Not on ashes, nor on dry cowdung, nor on cultivated ground. He shall not pass urine or excreta or throw any impure things, while looking towards the wind, the fire, the Brāhmaṇa, the water, deities or cows.’

Kūrmapurāṇa (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, pp. 35 and 38). — ‘Not near a garden, or a water-reservoir, or on barren ground, or on ground rendered unclean by others; nor with shoes or sandals on; nor with umbrella, nor in the sky nor facing women, or elders, or Brāhmaṇas, or cows, or temples, or deities, or stars, or the wind.’

Vaśiṣṭha (11). — ‘Urination should not be done in a river; nor on ashes, nor on cowdung, nor in ploughed fields, nor in fields sown with seed, nor on grass.’

Hārīta (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, p. 35). — ‘He shall not pass urine or stool either in the public square or near the side-gate; nor in a tīrtha, or sacrificial ground, or under sacrificial trees.’

Baudhāyana (3.2.44). — ‘He shall not bathe naked.’

Viṣṇu (60.11). — ‘Not on the road, nor on ashes, nor in haunts of cows.’

Viṣṇu (Aparārka, p. 180). — ‘He shall not pass urine or stool on barren ground; nor near a garden or a water-reservoir; nor in the sky.’

Viṣṇu (64.5). — ‘Nor naked (shall he bathe).’

Viṣṇu (68.14). — ‘Nor with a single cloth.’

Viṣṇu (60.4-22). — ‘[He shall not urinate or pass stool) on ploughed ground; nor under a shadow; nor on barren ground; nor on grass; nor where there are living creatures; nor in a hole; nor on an ant-hill, nor on the road; nor on the lane; nor in a garden; nor near a garden or a water-reservoir; nor on ashes; nor on fire-embers; nor on cowdung; nor in places haunted by cows; nor in the sky; nor in water; nor before the wind, the fire, the moon, the sun, a woman, the preceptor or the Brāhmaṇa.’

Viṣṇupurāṇa (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, p. 36). — ‘One shall never urinate in one’s own shadow, or in the shade of a tree, or facing the cow, the sun, fire, wind, elders or twice-born men.’

Āpastamba Dharmasūtra (1.30.18). — ‘One shall not urinate or pass stool with shoes on; — nor on ploughed ground, nor on the path, nor in water. Spitting and sexual intercourse also should be avoided in water. He shall avoid urinating and passing of stool in the presence of fire, the sun, water, Brāhmaṇas, cows, or deities.’

Āpastamba Dharmasūtra (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, p. 36). — ‘He shall avoid the passing of urine and stool under the shade.’

Yājñavalkya (1.131). — ‘He shall not eat within sight of his wife, nor with a single cloth, nor standing.’

Yājñavalkya (1.134). — ‘He shall not urinate in a river, or under shade, or on the path, or in water, or on ashes; nor before the fire, or the sun, or the cow, or the moon, or water, or twice-born men.’

Śāṅkhāyana Gṛhyasūtra (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, p. 38). — ‘Not facing the sun, nor with knees towards the sun.’

Āśvalāyana Gṛhyasūtra (3.9.6). — ‘He shall not bathe during the night; he shall not bathe naked; he shall not sleep naked; he shall not look at a naked woman, except... he shall not run while it is raining.’

Pāraskara (2.7.6). — ‘Looking at sunrise, tree-climbing, fruit-gathering, naked bathing,...... these he shall not do; — nor shall he beg for food after bathing.’

Do. (2.7.15). — ‘He shall not urinate or pass stool on fertile ground, or on bare ground, or while walking or standing.’

Śaṅkha. — ‘One shall not urinate either on cowdung or on ploughed ground, or in a sown field, or on grass, or on ṭhe cremation-ground, or on an ant-hill, or on the path, or in a place where grains are husked, or in a place where cattle congregate, or in a hole, or on a hill, or on a sandbank; — since all these are the receptacles of living beings.’

Do. (p. 180). — ‘he shall not urinate facing the sun; those who do it, facing the sun or the wind or the cow or the Brāhmaṇas, or the moon, or the water or the twilights or the public road, lose their intelligence and become short-lived.’

Devala (Do.). — ‘One shall not pass urine or stool on road-crossings and side-gates, nor in ploughed fields, nor in a field with standing corns, nor in sacrificial ground, nor under sacrificial trees.’

Śaṅkha-Likhita (Do., p. 180). — ‘He shall not pass urine or stool in an uncovered place; nor with his lower garment on, nor naked.’

VERSE 4.46

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

न फालकृष्टे न जले न चित्यां न च पर्वते ।
न जीर्णदेवायतने न वल्मीके कदा चन ॥४६॥

na phālakṛṣṭe na jale na cityāṃ na ca parvate |
na jīrṇadevāyatane na valmīke kadā cana ||46||

Nor on ploughed land, nor in water, nor on an oven, nor on a mountain, nor in a ruined temple, nor on an ant-hill. (46)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Oven’ — a structure of bricks, for the depositing of fire. ‘Mountain’ — here stands for forests and gardens; as the mountain-top is going to be specifically forbidden (in the next verse). If the word were really meant to stand for the mountain itself, and the prohibition applied to the mountain as a whole, then people living on the mountains would have to go without passing urine at all.

‘Ant-hill’ — the mound of earth set up by insects. — (46)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 179); — in Vīramitrodaya, (Āhnika, p. 33), which explains ‘cityām’ as the Śyena and other altars built of bricks, or ‘at a place where a dead body has been cremated’ (according to some); and in connection with ‘dilapidated temples’ it remarks that, inasmuch as the making of water in all kinds of temples is expressly forbidden, the addition of the epithet ‘dilapidated’, ‘jīrṇa’, must be understood to have been added with a view to the perceptible physical danger involved in the act, — i. e., of loose bricks and other things falling and the like; — ‘Valmīka’ is ‘the mound of mud collected by a particular kind of insect’

This verse is quoted also in Smṛtitattva (p. 329); — in Vidhānapārijāta (II, p. 153); — and in Nityācārapradīpa, (p. 250), which explains ‘cityām’ as ‘On a fire-altar.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 4.45-49)

See Comparative notes for Verse 4.45.

VERSE 4.47

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

न ससत्त्वेषु गर्तेषु न गच्छन्नपि न स्थितः ।
न नदीतीरमासाद्य न च पर्वतमस्तके ॥४७॥

na sasattveṣu garteṣu na gacchannapi na sthitaḥ |
na nadītīramāsādya na ca parvatamastake ||47||

Nor in holes inhabited by living creatures, nor walking, nor standing, nor on reaching the banks of a river, nor on the mountain-top. — (47)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Nor walking, nor standing.’ — By the prohibition of passing urine while walking or standing, it is implied that one should pass urine sitting. Nor very close to the river, nor in the river itself; that is to be regarded as ‘very close’ where there is fear of the urine touching the river.

“Mountain-top” — Peak. — (47)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 179), which adds that, the ‘parvata’ having been already mentioned in the preceding verse, the ‘top of the mountain’ is mentioned here with a view to indicate that if, under certain circumstances, it cannot be avoided, one may pass urine on a mountain elsewhere than on the ‘top’; — and in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 33), which quotes only the first foot, and explains ‘sasattveṣu’ as ‘with living creatures’; the second foot being quoted on p. 37, where ‘sthitaḥ’ is explained as ‘standing’.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 4.45-49)

See Comparative notes for Verse 4.45.

VERSE 4.48

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

वायुअग्निविप्रमादित्यमपः पश्यंस्तथैव गाः ।
न कदा चन कुर्वीत विण्मूत्रस्य विसर्जनम् ॥४८॥

vāyuagnivipramādityamapaḥ paśyaṃstathaiva gāḥ |
na kadā cana kurvīta viṇmūtrasya visarjanam ||48||

One should never pass faeces or urine, while looking at the wind or fire, or a Brāhmaṇa, or the sun, or water, or cows. — (48)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

What is meant is that one shall not do the act facing the wind; and the other things he shall not look at, while urinating, even by turning his body towards them. Since wind is colourless, its seeing can only he ascertained by seeing the flight of leaves, hits of earth and other things waft

ed by the wind. This prohibition would be incongruous if it applied to the entire air-circle (atmosphere); since wind is blowing everywhere. — (48)

As a commendatory supplement to this we have the next verse.

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Madanapārijāta (p. 43), which explains ‘paśyan’ as ‘before’, ‘sammukhaḥ’; — and in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 37), which explains ‘paśyan’ as ‘looking at, in front of’, in order to make it applicable to the wind, which is not ‘visible’ with the eye.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 4.45-49)

See Comparative notes for Verse 4.45.

VERSE 4.49

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

प्रत्यग्निṁ प्रतिसूर्यṁ च प्रतिस्ōम्ōदकद्विजम् ।
प्रतिगु प्रतिवातṁ च प्रज्ञा नश्यति म्ēहतः ॥४९॥

pratyagniṁ pratisūryaṁ ca pratisōmōdakadvijam |
pratigu prativātaṁ ca prajñā naśyati mēhataḥ ||49||

The intelligence of a man perishes, if he passes urine, facing the fire, the sun, the moon, the water, the Brāhmaṇa, the cow and the wind. — (49)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

“Since it has been laid down that one should pass urine, facing the north, — and the sun rises in the east, — how can one ever face the sun, in view of which possibility we have the present prohibition?”

The present verse is a commendatory supplement; just like the assertion — ‘not in the sky, nor in heaven, &c.’ Then again, during the northern solstice, the sun moving towards the north, it would be possible to face the sun. Or, the prohibition may be taken as meant for the common people (who may not know the rule regarding urinating with face towards the north).

Some people read ‘pratisandhyam.’ But this is not right; because regarding the passing of urine we have the rule that ‘during the two twilights it shall be done as during the day;’ and also because the forcible checking of urine, etc., has been forbidden. For these reasons, we should read ‘prativātam,’ facing the wind.’

This verse is supplementary to the foregoing one.

‘Mehakaḥ’ — may be construed either as ending with the Present-participial affix ‘śatṛ,’ or with the affix ‘tas’ (having the sense of the Ablative); the meaning being — ‘the man passing urine,’ or ‘by the passing of urine.’ — (49)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse, which is 52 in Buhler, Burnell and Kullūka and other commentators, is 49 according to Medhātithi, who remarks that ‘some people do not read this verse in the present Discourse’. It is interesting, in the light of this remark, to note that this verse is not quoted in any of the important Nibandhas.

This verse is quoted in Nityācārapradīpa (p. 248), which explains ‘saṃvītāṅgaḥ’ as ‘with the sacred thread hanging by the neck.’

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 4.45-49)

See Comparative notes for Verse 4.45.

VERSE 4.50

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

तिरस्कृत्योच्चरेत् काष्ठलोष्ठपत्रतृणादिना ।
नियम्य प्रयतो वाचं संवीताङ्गोऽवगुण्ठितः ॥५०॥

tiraskṛtyoccaret kāṣṭhaloṣṭhapatratṛṇādinā |
niyamya prayato vācaṃ saṃvītāṅgo'vaguṇṭhitaḥ ||50||

He shall pass it after placing a stick, or a clod, or leaves, or grass, or some such thing, restraining his speech, clean, his b ody wrapped and covered. — (50)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Tiraskṛtya’ — ‘placing between’ — the stick, etc.; on that he shall pass urine. Or, ‘tiraskṛtya’ may mean ‘having covered;’ in which case, the meaning would be that ‘he should cover the ground with sticks and then pass urine.’ In this latter case, the reading with the lnsturmental-ending — ‘tṛṇādinā — would be clearer; the construction being — ‘having covered with sticks or with clods, or with leaves, or with grass.’

‘Pass it’ — i.e., pass urine and evacuate his bowels.

‘Restraining his speech, clean’ — i.e., with mouth not unwashed (not having anything in his mouth).

‘Body wrapped’ — covered with cloth.

‘Covered’ — the head tied up. The rule prescribed is — ‘with the sacred thread on his ear, etc.’ — (50).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 34), which explains the meaning to be that ‘one should cover the ground either with sticks, or with clods, or with leaves, or with grass and then ease himself,’ — ‘saṃvītāṅgaḥ’ means ‘with body wrapped’, and ‘avaguṇṭhitaḥ’, ‘with head covered’; — in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 25), which explains ‘vācam niyamya’ as ‘silent’, — ‘saṃvītaṅgaḥ’ as ‘with the sacred thread hanging by the neck over the back’; — it notes that Kullūka and others explain the word as ‘with body wrapped’, — and ‘avaguṇṭhitaḥ’ as ‘with head covered’; — in Smṛtikaumudī (p. 57); — in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Āhnika, p. 3a); — and in Kṛtyasārasamuccaya (p. 45), which explains ‘uccāra’ as ‘stools’, — ‘samutsarga’ as ‘evacuation’.

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 4.50-51)

Bṛhannāradīya (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, p. 28). — ‘During the day and the twilights, facing the north, at night, facing the south, he shall pass urine and stool.’

Gautama (9.38). — ‘Urination and stooling [Should be done with body covered].’

Baudhāyana (1.5.68). — ‘Placing on the ground dry grass, or wood which is not sacrificial, or earth-clod, — facing the north during the day and the south during the night, — and covering his head, — he shall urinate and pass stool.’

Āpastamba Dharmasūtra (1.30.14-15). — ‘During the day, covering of the head should he avoided, except during urination and stooling. Urination and stooling shall he done with covered head and after placing something on the ground.’

Do. (1.31.1). — ‘Facing the east, he shall eat food; facing the south, he shall pass it out; facing the north, he shall urinate; facing the west, he shall wash his feet.’

Vaśiṣṭha (12-10). — ‘With head wrapped up, placing on the ground such grass as is not sacrificial, he shall urinate and pass stool.’

Do. (6.10). — ‘Both urinating and stooling he shall dofacing the north during the day; and the south during the night. Thus is life not cut short.’

Viṣṇu (60.1, 3, 23). — ‘Rising at the Brahmic moment, he shall go to stool and urinate; hut not on uncovered ground, nor with head uncovered.’

Do. (60.2). — ‘Facing the south at night, and the north in the day and at the twilights.’

Pāraskara (2.7.15). — ‘On fertile ground, covered over, one shall urinate and stooling but not walking or standing.’

Hārīta (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, p. 25). — Covering the mouth and the nostrils with cloth, he shall pass stool.’

Yājñavalkya (1.16). — ‘During the day, and at the twilights one shall perform urination and stooling with the sacred thread resting on his ears — facing the north; but at night, facing the south.’

Yama (Aparārka, p. 34). — ‘The passing of urine and Stool should be done with head covered, covering the ground with such grass as are not sacred or wet; facing the west in the forenoon, and the east in the afternoon, and the south at night.’

Aṅgiras (Aparārka, p. 34). — ‘Covering the ground with grass, and covering his head with cloth, with speech in check, avoiding spitting and breathing one shall pass urine and stool on a clear spot.’

Vāyupurāṇa (Vīramitrodaya-Āhnika, 25) — ‘Covering the ground with dry grass or wood or leaves or split bamboo or earthen vessels.’

VERSE 4.51

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

मूत्रोच्चारसमुत्सर्गं दिवा कुर्यादुदङ्मुखः ।
दक्षिणाऽभिमुखो रात्रौ सन्ध्यायोश्च यथा दिवा ॥५१॥

mūtroccārasamutsargaṃ divā kuryādudaṅmukhaḥ |
dakṣiṇā'bhimukho rātrau sandhyāyośca yathā divā ||51||

He shall do the passing of urine and faeces during the day, with his face towards the north; and at night, with face towards the south; and at the two twilights as during the day. — (51)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Samutsarga’ — passing. — (51)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

Burnell is not right in saying that “Medhātithi omits this verse” (see Translation). He adds — “The verse occurs in the Mahābhārata 13.104.76, following the one that is equivalent to Manu 52, but with the var. lec. (a) ubhe mūtrapurīṣe tu (b) (in the second pāda) tathāhyāyurna ṛsyate.”

This verse is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 27), which explains ‘yathādivā’ as ‘facing the North’; — and again on p. 30; — in Smṛtitattva (p. 328), which explains ‘uccāra’ as ‘excreta’; — in Vidhānapārijāta (p. 152); — in Smṛtisāroddhāra (p. 265), which notes that the freedom herein set forth is meant only for occasions when one is unable to determine the exact directions, and when there is danger to life; — in Kṛtyasārasamuccaya (p. 45), which explains ‘prāṇabādhābhayeṣu’ as ‘when there is danger to life from tigers and other things’; — in Nṛsiṃhaprasāda (Āhnika, p. 3b); — and in Nityācārapradīpa (p. 250).

Comparative notes by various authors:

(verses 4.50-51)

See Comparative notes for Verse 3.50.

VERSE 4.52

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

छायायामन्धकारे वा रात्रावहनि वा द्विजः ।
यथासुखमुखः कुर्यात् प्राणबाधभयेषु च ॥५२॥

chāyāyāmandhakāre vā rātrāvahani vā dvijaḥ |
yathāsukhamukhaḥ kuryāt prāṇabādhabhayeṣu ca ||52||

In the shade, or in darkness, the Brāhmaṇa may — during the day or the night — do it, with his face towards any direction he pleases; as also where there is danger to life, and when there is fear.’ — (52)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Shade’ — i.e., where the sun’s rays are shut out by walls or doors, etc.

‘Darkness’ — the obstruction of light by clouds or fogs or eclipses or by night.

‘With his face towards any direction he pleases.’ — He shall pass urine with his face towards that direction which he finds convenient.

This rule pertains to such ‘darkness’ as makes it impossible for the directions to be determined.

‘Danger to life,’ and ‘fear’ — due to thieves, etc. — (52)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Madanapārijāta (p. 42), which adds that this applies to cases where, on account of mist or fog, the man is unable to ascertain the directions.

It is quoted in Vīramitrodaya (Āhnika, p. 30), which adds the following explanation: — During the night, in shade or in darkness, — and during the day, in shade or in darkness caused by fog etc., — and during suffering to life caused by disease etc., — and in danger due to thieves, tiger and such other things; — Kullūka Bhaṭṭa reads ‘prāṇabādhābhayeṣu’ and explains it to man ‘when there is danger to life at the hands of thieves etc.,’ — ‘one should do’ — i.e., the ‘mūtrocchārasamutsargam’ (of the preceding verse). This verse supplies an exception to the law regarding the facing of the North or the East etc.; so that this latter law remains applicable to the day, when there is light, and also to the night when there is moon-light. This view has the support of Kalpataru. In view of the present verse specifying ‘day and night’, the facing of the North remains compulsory at the two twilights. The author of Smṛticandrikā, Mādhavācḥārya, Kullūka Bhaṭṭa and others have held the view that the first half applies to cases where one has lost all sense of direction; but this view has been rejected on the ground that there is no authority for restricting the rule in this manner.

This is quoted in Smṛtitattva (p. 329); — in Vidhānapārijāta (II, p. 152), which also adds that this refers to cases where the man has lost all sense of direction; — and in Aparārka (p. 34).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Vaśiṣṭha (6.13). — [Reproduces Manu.]

VERSE 4.53

Section IX - Personal Cleanliness

नाग्निं मुखेनोपधमेन्नग्नां नैक्षेत च स्त्रियम् ।
नामेध्यं प्रक्षिपेदग्नौ न च पादौ प्रतापयेत् ॥५३॥

nāgniṃ mukhenopadhamennagnāṃ naikṣeta ca striyam |
nāmedhyaṃ prakṣipedagnau na ca pādau pratāpayet ||53||

He shall not blow fire with the mouth; nor shall he look at a naked woman. He shall not throw an unclean thing into fire; nor shall he warm his feet at it. — (53)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

Fire should be blown with deer-skin-fans and such things.

‘He shall not look at a naked woman’ — ‘apart from sexual intercourse,’ says another Smṛti-text.

‘Unclean thing’ — ‘ameḍhya — ‘medha’ means- sacrifice; ‘medhya’ is fit for use at sacrifice; and ‘amedhya’ is unfit for use at sacrifices; such things, for instance, as onions, urine, excreta, and so forth. Anything like this, he shall not throw into fire.

He shall not raise his feet directly towards the fire and warm them at it. There is no objection to the feet being covered and then warmed for the purpose of exciting perspiration. — (53).

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 181); — and in Mitākṣarā (on 1.137).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Gautama (9.33). — ‘Blowing fire with the mouth, wrangling, obtrusive wearing of garlands and sandal-paste, eating with his wife, looking at the wife applying collyrium to her eyes, entering by the wrong door, eating while seated on the chair, swimming in the river, climbing trees, — these he shall avoid.’

Āpastamba Dharmasūtra (15.20). — ‘He shall not blow (the fire, carelessly).’

Do. (30.20). — ‘He shall not stretch his legs towards fire, water, Brahmaṇas, Deities, wind.’

Vaśiṣṭha (12.27). — ‘He shall not blow the fire with his mouth.’

Viṣṇu (72.26.37). — ‘He shall not look at the naked woman, — he shall not throw any unclean object into the fire, — he shall not warm his feet over the fire.’

Do. (Aparārka, p. 182). — ‘Blood or poison he shall not throw into the fire.’

Yājñavalkya (1.135). — ‘He shall not look at the sun, nor at the naked woman, nor at the woman immediately after intercourse, nor at the urine or at the stool, nor at unclean things, nor at the eclipse or at the stars.’

Yajñavalkya (1.137). — ‘He shall not throw into the water spittings or blood, or ordure or urine or semen; he shall not warm his feet over the fire; nor shall he cross over it.’

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