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Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

“The day meant is Bhādrapada, Badi, 13” — Buhler.

This verse is quoted in Smṛtitattva (p. 117) without comment; — in Aparārka (p. 555), which adds that the Accusative ending in ‘trayodaśīm’ has the force of the Locative; — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 201); — in Śrāddhakriyākaumudī (p. 272), which explains the meaning as ‘whatever mixed with Honey is offered on the thirteenth of the month, under the asterism of Maghā becomes inexhaustible’; — in Puruṣārthacintāmaṇi (p. 385); — in Varṣakriyākaumudī (p. 356); — and in Hemādri (Kāla, p. 470 and Śrāddha, p. 87).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (13.88.15). — ‘Water, roots, fruits, meat, and grains — whatsoever is mixed with honey and offered during Pitṛpakṣa, is conducive to imperishability.’

Yājñavalkya (1.260). — ‘During the rains, on the thirteenth day of the month, and during the asterism of Maghā.’

Pitṛgāthā (Aparārka, p. 555). — ‘May some one be born in our family who may offer rice cooked in milk mixed with honey and butter, during the rains, on the thirteenth day of the month and during the asterism of Maghā.’

Vaśiṣṭha (Do.). — ‘The ancestors rejoice at the birth of a son in the hope that he would offer Śrāddha to them with honey, meat, vegetables, milk and rice cooked in milk.’

Paiṭhīnasi (Aparārka, p. 555). — ‘A son or a grandson may offer to us Śrāddha with a red goat during the rains, during the asterism of Maghā, on the thirteenth day of the month.’

VERSE 3.274

Section XXI - Relative Merits of the Offering-Materials

अपि नः स कुले भूयाद् यो नो दद्यात् त्रयोदशीम् ।
पायसं मधुसर्पिर्भ्यां प्राक् छाये कुञ्जरस्य च ॥२७४॥

api naḥ sa kule bhūyād yo no dadyāt trayodaśīm |
pāyasaṃ madhusarpirbhyāṃ prāk chāye kuñjarasya ca ||274||

‘May there be one in our family, who may offer milk-rice mixed with honey and butter on the thirteenth, and when the shadow of the elephant falls towards the east.’ — (274)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

What is said here is with reference to the thirteenth day of the month spoken of above, as accompanied by the rainy season and the asterism of Maghā.

What is described in the text is the wish expressed by the Pitṛs.

‘May there be’ — born — ‘in our famity’ — one such person, endowed with excellent qualities, who may offer to us, on the said thirteenth day, ‘milk-rice mixed with honey and butter;’ — also ‘when the shadow of the elephant falls towards the east;’ i.e., during the afternoon; towards the close of day, the shadow cast by the elephant is long and falls towards the East.

Another reading for ‘prākchāyā’ is ‘prākchāyām;’ it is in a shady place that Brāhmaṇas are fed; as for the rest of the rite, if the shade is not enough to permit of its being done there, then it should be done in a place close to the shadow. Since the details form part of the rite, the whole of it should, as far as possible, be performed in the shadow of the elephant.

Some people have explained the term ‘shadow of the elephant’ to mean ‘eclipse,’ adding that Rāhu takes the shape of the elephant and pierces the sun with darkness.

But this is not right; as in that case, the term ‘elephant’ will have to ba regarded as figurative. Further, in another Smṛti the ‘elephant’s shadow’ has been described as something entirely different from eclipse: — ‘the elephant’s shadow, the eclipse of the Sun, and the eclipse of the Moon’ [where the three are mentioned as distinct from one another]. — (274)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

‘Prākchāye kuñjarasya’ — ‘In the afternoon, when the shadow cast by the elephant falls towards the East’ (Medhātithi, Kullūka, Nārāyaṇa and Rāghavānanda); — ‘daring an eclipse’ (‘others’ in Medhātithi, who rejects it). — Mitākṣarā (on 1.218) quotes a definition by which the name applies to a particular day —

yadenduḥ pitṛdaivatye haṃsaścaiva kare sthitaḥ |
yāmyāṃ tithirbhavetsāhi gajacchāyā prakīrtitā||

This verse is quoted in Nirṇayasindhu (p. 109), which quotes from Vāyupurāṇa a definition of ‘Gajacchāyā’ as the 13th day of the month during which the sun lies in the asterism of Hastā, and the moon in that of Maghā; — in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 245); — in Śrāddhakriyākaumudī (p. 271), which explains ‘dadyāt’ as ‘dadāti’ and ‘prākchāye etc.’ as ‘when the shadow of the elephant is cast towards the East,’ and notes that this is mere Arthavāda; — and in Vaṛṣakriyākaumudī (p. 355).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Mahābhārata (13.88.12). [after reproducing the first line of Manu]. — ‘During the asterism of Maghā, during the Southern Sojourn of the sun, offering milk-preparations mixed with honey and butter.’

Vaśiṣṭha (11.37). — ‘This person shall offer Śrāddha to us, during ṭhe rains and during the asterism of Maghā, with honey and meats, vegetables, milk and milk-preparations.’

Viṣṇu (78.52-53). — ‘May some one, the best among men, be born in our family who, during the rains, on the thirteenth day of the brighter fortnight, perform Śrāddha with honey offered profusely; as also during the whole month of Kārtika, and when the Elephant’s shadow falls towards the East.’

VERSE 3.275

Section XXI - Relative Merits of the Offering-Materials

यद् यद् ददाति विधिवत् सम्यक् श्रद्धासमन्वितः ।
तत् तत् पितॄणां भवति परत्रानन्तमक्षयम् ॥२७५॥

yad yad dadāti vidhivat samyak śraddhāsamanvitaḥ |
tat tat pitṝṇāṃ bhavati paratrānantamakṣayam ||275||

Whatever one endowed with faith, offers, according to rule and in the right manner, — that becomes endless and inexhaustible for the Pitṛs in the other world. — (275)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Whatever.’ — This term sanctions the offering of everything, not actually prohibited.

‘According to rule’ is a reiteration of what has been said by means of the term, ‘in the right manner.’

‘Endowed with faith’ — This is what is actually prescribed in the present verse: — ‘one should make the offering with due faith.’

What is given in this manner ‘becomes endless and inexhaustible for the Pitṛs in the other world.’ ‘Endless’ may be taken as denying all limitation of time; — ‘Inexhaustible’ denies non-diminishing of quantity; the sense being ‘it lasts for all time and becomes large in quantity.’ — (275)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 1031): — and in Gadādharapaddhati (Kāla, p. 551).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Baudhāyana (2.62-65). — ‘The gods desirous of purity do not accept the offerings of the faithless. The gods discussed the relative merits of the person who is pure but faithless and he who is not pure but full of faith, and came to the conclusion that both were equal; hut Prajāpati said to them: “They are not equal; there is great difference; as the Śrāddha offered by the faithless is damned; what is sanctified by faith is distinctly superior.” In this connection, they have the following saying — Want of faith is a great sin; faith is the highest austerity; therefore, what is offered without faith, the gods never accept.’

Mahābhārata (13.188.72, 79). — ‘Those men who offer Śrāddhas with due faith save their forefathers from the most terrible hell; he who performs the Śrāddha with faith becomes freed from the debt owing to the Pitṛs.’

VERSE 3.276 [Time for Śrāddha]

Section XXII - Time for Śrāddha

कृष्णपक्षे दशम्यादौ वर्जयित्वा चतुर्दशीम् ।
श्राद्धे प्रशस्तास्तिथयो यथैता न तथैतराः ॥२७६॥

kṛṣṇapakṣe daśamyādau varjayitvā caturdaśīm |
śrāddhe praśastāstithayo yathaitā na tathaitarāḥ ||276||

‘No dates are so commended for the offering of śrāddha as those of the dark fortnight, beginning with the tenth day, leaving out the fourteenth. — (276)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

The mention of the days beginning with the tenth, indicates that the offering is attended by excellent results. So that on other days also the offering is to be made, if due faith is there. But on the fourteenth day there is absolute prohibition. — (276)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Parāśaramādhava (Ācāra, p. 666) as laying down what one should do in the event of his being unable to perform the Śrāddha throughout the dark fortnight; — in Madanapārijāta (p. 524), which remarks that this verse implies also the alternative of beginning the Śrāddha on the fifth and going on daily till the fifteenth; — in Smṛtitattva (on p. 173, again on p. 252) as forbidding the performance of Śrāddha on the fourteenth, — and again on p. 845 as forbidding the performance of the Śrāddha on the fourteenth day of the dark fortnight of all months; — in Aparārka (p. 422), which adds that the alternative here laid down is that of beginning the performance of the Śrāddha on the tenth day of the fortnight; — in Gadādharapaddhati (Kāla, p. 467), which says that it refers to the Mahālayā-śrāddha; — in Smṛtisāroddhāra (p, 187) in support of the view that only five, not ten, days of the kṛṣṇapakṣa are specially commended, these being the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 15th days; — in Śrāddhakriyākaumudī (p. 6); — in Varṣakriyākaumudī (p, 350); — in Puruṣārthacintāmaṇi (p. 382); — in Hemādri (Kāla p. 461), which adds that the fourteenth day is not to be excluded entirely, it is to be avoided only for the Śrāddha to three ‘deities’ with the exception of that offered to those killed with weapons; — and in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 194).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Gautama (15.2-3). — ‘Commencing from the fifth day of the Aparapakṣa, Śrāddha should bo performed; — or on all days.’

Āpastamba (2.16.6). — ‘So also during the later days of the Aparapakṣa.’

Kātyāyana and Gautama (quoted in Caturvargacintāmaṇi-Śrāddha, p. 293). — ‘One should make the offering to the Pitṛs on the moonless day; or on the days commencing from the fifth of the Aparapakṣa; or according as he may have faith, on all days, whenever the right substance, place and Brāhmaṇas may be available.’

Āpastamba (quoted in Caturvargacintāmaṇi-Śrāddha, p. 194). — ‘It should be offered every month; the afternoon of the Aparapakṣa is highly commendable, as also the latter days of the Aparapakṣa.’

Yājñavalkya (1.264). — ‘Commencing from the first day, excepting the fourteenth day; on this latter day it is offered to those who may have been killed by weapons.’

Mārkaṇḍeya (Parāśaramādhava, p. 663). — ‘When the sun is in the sign of Virgo, there are fifteen days, on which the performance of Śrāddha has been prescribed; — on the first day, for obtaining wealth; on the second, for obtaining progeny; on the third, for obtaining good things; on the fourth for destruction of enemies; on the fifth, for obtaining prosperity; on the sixth, the man obtains honour; on the seventh, the man becomes leader of his clan; on the eighth, excellent intelligence; on the ninth he obtains excellent wives; on the tenth, he fulfils all his desires; on the eleventh, he acquires all the Vedas; on the twelfth, he obtains gold; by offering it on the thirteenth day, he obtains children, memory, cattle, sound body, freedom, excellent prosperity, long-life, power and riches. Those who seek the welfare of those ancestors who were killed in youth by weapons should offer the Śrāddha on the fourteenth day. The man offering Śrāddha with food on the moonless day obtains all that he desires and goes to heaven.’

Vṛddha-Manu (Do.). — ‘When the sun enters the sign of Virgo, the dark fortnight is called the Mahālaya, as also the Gajacchāyā.’

Śāṭyāyani (Do., p. 664.). — ‘The sixteen days during the month of Nabhasya, when the sun is in the sign of Virgo, constitute the time for the performance of Śrāddha.’

Śāṭyāyani (Do., p. 665). — ‘The sun in Virgo is very sacred; so also is the fifth fortnight (after Āṣāḍhī).’

Devala (Parāśaramādhava, p. 665.). — ‘Sixteen days, formed by the first day of the bright fortnight, which follow the moonless day.’

Jābāli (Do., p. 665). — ‘During the fifth fortnight following the full-moon day of Āṣāḍha, — even though the sun may have not entered the sign of Virgo, one should offer Śrāddha; that fortnight is the most commended for the performance of Śrāddha.’

Bṛhat-Manu (Do.). — ‘During the fifth fortnight after the fullmoon day of the month of Āṣāḍha, the Pitṛs desire food and water every day; hence Śrāddha should be offered at that time... even though the sun may or may not have entered the sign of Virgo.’

Ādityapurāṇa (Do.). — ‘Śrāddha is commended even when performed during other fortnights during the time that the sun is in the sign of Virgo; if this happens to ho the fifth fortnight (after the full-moon day of Āṣāḍha), it is all the more commendable.’

Shloka-Gautama (Do.). — ‘During the time when the sun is in the sign of Virgo, there are sixteen days that are as good as sacrificial sessions.’

Kārṣṇājini (Do.). — ‘Whether in the beginning or the middle or the end, whenever the sun enters the sign of Virgo, the whole of that fortnight is to be honoured as regards the performance of Śrāddha. During the dark fortnight of Nabhasya, Śrāddha should he performed every day, not excepting the Nandā or even the fourteenth day.’

Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa (Parāśaramādhava, p. 666). — ‘During the dark fortnight of the month of Nabhasya, one should perform Śrāddha every day, or during two-thirds, or during one-half, or during one-third of the fortnight.’

Yama (Do., p. 667). — ‘During the rains, when the sun is in the sign of Virgo, — the man shall offer Śrāddha between the fifth day of one fortnight and the fifth day of another.’

Sumantu (Do.). — ‘So long as the sun remains in the sign of Virgo and until he enters the sign of Scorpio, it is time for the offering of Śrāddha.’

Purāṇa (Parāśaramādhava, p. 667). — ‘When the sun enters the sign of Virgo, Pitṛs come to their descendants; till the entering of the sun into the sign of Scorpio, the region of Pitṛs becomes empty; and on the entrance of the sun into Scorpio, they go away disappointed after having cursed their offspring.’

Ādipurāṇa (Do.). — ‘During the rainy season the Pitṛs empty their abodes, and oppressed by hunger, describe their own sins and desire milk-rice mixed with honey; and hence one should satisfy the Pitṛs with offerings of milk-rice, mixed with honey, butter and sesamum.’

Gārgya (Do., 668). — ‘On the Nandā days (1st, 6th and 11th of the month), on Friday and on the thirteenth day, the householder should not perform Śrāddha.’

Aṅgiras (Do.). — ‘On the thirteenth day of the dark fortnight, if one offers Śrāddha, the death of his eldest son is certain. If one offers Śrāddha during the asterism of Maghā, his eldest son dies.’

Smṛtyantara (Do., p. 669). — ‘If one offers Śrāddha on the thirteenth, he should offer it not to one Pitṛ; he shall offer the Pārvaṇa Śrāddha.’

Śaṅkha (Parāśaramādhava, p. 669). — ‘On the expiry of the month of Bhādra, or the thirteenth day in conjunction with the asterism of Maghā, one should offer Śrāddha with honey and milk-rice; his forefathers reward him with desirable progeny, fame, heaven, health, and wealth.’

Mahābhārata (Do.). — ‘If a man performs Śrāddha on the thirteenth, no one in his family ever dies young.’

Marīci (Do., p. 670). — ‘On the fourteenth, Śrāddha should be offered only to those who have died through poison, weapons or wild animals, or those who have killed a Brāhmaṇa; for others that day has been condemned.’

Pracetas (Do.). — ‘The fourteenth has been recommended only for those who died through tree-climbing or iron weapons, or lightning or water or poison and such things.’

Sumanta (Parāśaramadhava, p. 670). — ‘Even the Unitary Śrāddha for one who has died through weapons should be performed on the fourteenth day of the Mahālaya.’

VERSE 3.277

Section XXII - Time for Śrāddha

युक्षु कुर्वन् दिनर्क्षेषु सर्वान् कामान् समश्नुते ।
अयुक्षु तु पितॄन् सर्वान् प्रजां प्राप्नोति पुष्कलाम् ॥२७७॥

yukṣu kurvan dinarkṣeṣu sarvān kāmān samaśnute |
ayukṣu tu pitṝn sarvān prajāṃ prāpnoti puṣkalām ||277||

Performing (the śrāddha) on the even dates and under the even asterisms, one obtains all desires; and honouring the Pitṛs on the odd ones, he obtains prosperous offspring. — (277)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Even dates’ — the second, the fourth, and so forth.

‘Asterism’ — lunar mansion; ‘Bharaṇī,’ and the rest are called ‘even asterisms.’

The first, the third, the fifth, the seventh and the ninth days of the month are called ‘odd;’ and the second, the fourth, the sixth, the eighth and the tenth are called ‘even.’ Similarly, the eleventh day is ‘odd,’ and so on with the asterisms also.

‘All desires,’ — the desires being described in detail in Itihāsas and Purāṇas.

‘Prosperous offspring,’ — that which is replete with persons possessed of wealth, learning and strength, is called ‘prosperous.’ — (277)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

This verse is quoted in Hemādri (Kāla, p. 512), which explains ‘yukṣu’ and ‘ayukṣu’ as ‘even’ and ‘odd’, res pectively; — and in Hemādri (Śrāddha, p. 266).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Āpastamba-Dharmasūtra (2.16.8-22). — ‘If one performs the Śrāddha on the first day, he obtains children most of whom are female; if on the second day, he obtains children who become thieves; if on the third day, he obtains children endowed with Brāhmic glory; if on the fourth day, he obtains cattle of poor quality; if on the fifth day, he obtains male children, many in number and he does not die childless; if on the sixth day, his son becomes expert in travelling and in gambling; if on the seventh, his agriculture prospers; if on the eighth, he obtains sound health; if on the ninth, he obtains one-hoofed cattle; if on the tenth, his business prospers; if on the eleventh, he obtains articles of iron and lead; if on ṭhe twelfth, he obtains much cattle; if on the thirteenth, he obtains many sons, many friends, beautiful children; if on the fourteenth, he prospers in weapons; if on the fifteenth, he obtains prosperty.’

Viṣṇu (78.36-49). — ‘On the first he obtains house and beautiful wives; on the second, a girl bestowing benefits; on the third, all desirable things; on the fourth, cattle; on the fifth, beautiful sons; on the sixth, success in gambling; on the seventh, success in agriculture; on the eighth, trade; on the ninth, cattle; on the tenth, horses; on the eleventh, sons endowed with Brāhmic glory; on ṭhe twelfth gold and silver; on the thirteenth, good luck; on the fifteenth, all desirable things.’

Yājñavalkya (1.262-267). — ‘Daughters, sons-in-law, cattle, good sons, gambling, agriculture, trade, cleft-hoofed cattle, one-hoofed cattle, sons with Brāhmic glory, gold and silver and other metals, gratified relatives, all desires; — these are obtained by the man who offers Śrāddha from the first day onwards, excepting the fourteenth; also heaven, offspring, glory, bravery, lands, strength, son, honour, good luck, prosperity, supremacy, sovereignty, trade, freedom from disease, fame, freedom from sorrow, the supreme state, wealth, Vedas, successful medication, metal-wealth, cows, goats and sheep, horses, longevity — all this is obtained by one who offers the Śrāddha in accordance with law.’

Gautama (15.4). — ‘Or, one may perform the Śrāddha whenever he gets suitable substances, place and Brāhmaṇas.’

VERSE 3.278

Section XXII - Time for Śrāddha

यथा चैवापरः पक्षः पूर्वपक्षाद् विशिष्यते ।
तथा श्राद्धस्य पूर्वाह्णादपराह्णो विशिष्यते ॥२७८॥

yathā caivāparaḥ pakṣaḥ pūrvapakṣād viśiṣyate |
tathā śrāddhasya pūrvāhṇādaparāhṇo viśiṣyate ||278||

Just as, for purposes of śrāddha, the latter half of the month is preferable to the former half, so also, the afternoon is preferable to the forenoon. — (278)

Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):

‘Fortner halt of the month’ is the brighter fortnight; and ‘latter half’ is the darker fortnight; — months being counted from the brighter fortnight of Caitra onwards.

Just as, for purposes of Śrāddha, the darker fortnight is preferable to — is productive of better results than -the brighter fortnight, so is the afternoon preferable to the forenoon. From the declaration of this ‘preference,’ it follows that in some cases one might perform a śrāddha during the forenoon also.

“As a rule, the illustration should be well known; as a matter of fact, however, nowhere has the text declared the superiority of the darker fortnight to the brighter fortnight, for purposes of Śrāddha. [Hence the illustration is not apt].”

Some people explain that the said superiority is understood from what has been said under 276, regarding the ‘darker fortnight’ and ‘days beginning with the tenth.’ Our explanation, however, is as follows: — According to the principle laid down in Mīmāṃsāsūtra 3. 5. 21, even an unknown fact can serve as an illustration; so that, in the case in question, from the citation of the illustration itself we may even deduce the necessary injunction (regarding the performance of Sharddhas ( Śrāddhas?) during the darker fortnight). — (278)

Explanatory notes by Ganganath Jha:

Medhātithi (P. 297, l. 16) — ‘Vacanāni tvapūrvatvāt.’ — This is Mīmāṃsā sūtra 3.5.21. The question arising as to whether or not there should be an ‘eating of remnants’ in the case of the Soma juice, — the conclusion is that there should be the eating of it; and this conclusion is based upon a passage referring to a totally different subject; which shows that even an unknown fact can serve as an illustration in support of a definite conclusion.

This verse is quoted in Kālaviveka (p. 366), which explains that the precise meaning of the verse is that ‘from the three parts into which the day is divided, forenoon, mid-day and afternoon, the afternoon is superior to the other two.’

This verse is quoted in Aparārka (p. 465), which adds that the term ‘aparāhṇa’ stands here, not for the fourth part of the day divided into five parts, but simply for ‘the latter half of the day,’ which is its etymological meaning; — in Puruṣārthacintāmaṇi (p. 373); — in Śrāddhakriyakaumudī (p. 314); — in Varṣakriyākaumudī (p. 236); — in Śrāddhakaumudī (p. 248); and in Kālamādhava (p. 109).

Comparative notes by various authors:

Āpastamba-Dharmasūtra. (2.16.45). — ‘The afternoon of the darker fortnight is more commendable.’

Yājñavalkya (1.226). — ‘Having worshipped the Brāhmaṇas in the afternoon, etc.’

Vyāsa (Aparārka, p. 465). — ‘Three muhurtas constitute the morning, three muhūrtas again form the Saṅgava; three, midday; another three, afternoon.

Śruti (Do.). — ‘The morning is for the gods, the midday for men and the afternoon for Pitṛs.’

VERSE 3.279

Section XXII - Time for Śrāddha

प्राचीनावीतिना सम्यगपसव्यमतन्द्रिणा ।
पित्र्यमानिधनात् कार्यं विधिवद् दर्भपाणिना ॥२७९॥

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