Обатнин Виктор. Homework for 08.05.2020.

Обатнин Виктор. Homework for 08.05.2020.

№1

1) Rivers are called navigable if they are suitable for boats to travel on.

2) Today ocean-going ships are of limited use for passenger transport, because they have a very low speed compared to air transport. It may take several weeks to cross the ocean.

3) Unlike air transport, water transport is limited by the surface of the water and has a low speed. Therefore, it is less and less used for transporting people. However, a very large mass of cargo can be transported by ships, and the cost of its transportation will be much lower.

Rail transport is useful for transporting oversized cargo over long distances, while cars can only carry a small mass. Besides, trains less pollute the air, do not create traffic jams and can reach very high speeds. However, cars have an important advantage - mobility. Road transport more flexible.

4) The main advantage of containers is their large capacity. In addition, perishable goods can be transported in refrigerated containers and stored in excellent condition to the destination.

The main disadvantage of containers is that only ships can transport them. Therefore, their transportation takes a lot of time.

5) The main advantage of pipelines is the ability to quickly and cheaply transport goods over long distances.

The main disadvantage of pipelines is the high cost of their construction. In addition, pipelines are used only for certain cargoes (water and petroleum products).

№2

2.1

1) to purchase– to buy; to provide – to supply; to encourage – to support; to retain – to keep; to transfer – to move; to trade – to exchange.

2) buyer – customer; cargo – freight; objective – purpose; barter – exchange; fluctuation –instability; money – currency.

2.2

Pollution – загрязнение; crop – урожай; noise – шум; weight – вес; congestion – дорожная пробка; transport – транспорт; mail – почта; need – потребность; freight – перевозка грузов; objective – задача; interest – интерес; trade– сделка; income – доход.

2.3

Капиталовложение – investment; проценты – interest; доход – income; груз – cargo; паром – ferry; ограничение – restriction; трудность – hardship; меновая торговля – barter; превышать – exceed; покупать – purchase.

2.4

1)

Shrinking world – сжимающийся мир;

Traffic congestion – дорожные пробки;

Plane flight – рейс самолета;

Rush hour – час пик;

Cruise liner – круизный лайнер;

Navigable river – судоходная река;

Refined petroleum – очищенная нефть;

Efficient method – эффективный метод;

Major objective – основная цель;

Invisible earnings – невидимый заработок.

2)

Retain possibilities – сохранить возможности;

Exceed the demand – поднять спрос;

Impose interest – навязывать интерес;

Cause problems – вызывать проблемы;

Raise money – собирать деньги;

Cross a river – пересекать реку;

Pay tariffs – оплачивать тарифы;

Offer diversity – предлагать разнообразие.

2.5

The shrinking world refers to the shortening of travel time. Trade can be divided into two types: domestic and external. American companies specialize in making office machines. These are taxes or duties on goods as they cross the border. Air transport is suitable for the long-distance transport of mail.

№3

The Danish postal service operates more than 300 postal bikes which service a large portion of the city’s daily postal delivery. Besides, over 60 percent of MPs (deputies) bike to work at Christiansburg Palace.

I was very surprised by the vibrant drinking culture of the Danes. How much should you drink to lose or “donate” your bike? And how do they even manage a bike in this condition?

№4

1) Everyone uses bikes, when go to work, to study, out of town, to the store and even on holidays;

2) a bicycle is a safe and quick way to go somewhere nearby. In addition, bicycles are much simpler and cheaper than cars;

3) Bicycles are much cheaper than cars. In addition, cycling is a body workout that reduces healthcare costs and increases life expectancy. Bicycles are environmentally friendly form of transport, as they do not emit carbon dioxide.

4) Of course, daily use of bicycles has a number of advantages, which are indicated above. However, in our country this will be associated with a number of problems:

- Unlike Denmark, we have a large territory, cities and the distances between them are much greater. However, the density of social infrastructure facilities (schools, hospitals) is not very large. Therefore, many people have to overcome LARGE distances that are not comparable with the speed of a bicycle;

- Unlike Western Europe, we have a pronounced winter period. Riding your bike through the icy streets in the cold is a bad idea;

- Constant cycling will significantly reduce the consumption of petroleum products, which will “destroy” the Russian oil industry and lead to a deep crisis.

5) Tonga (тонга) is a two-wheeled horse-drawn cart, a popular form of transport in Asian countries, especially in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Tonga has several advantages: environmental friendliness, noiselessness and the ability to make money for the coachman.

Rickshaw (рикша) is a tonga that a person pulls. Rickshaws are common in poor regions of South Asia or in large cities for tourists.

№5

№6

In my opinion, the best type of transport is a motorcycle. Firstly, a motorcycle is no less fast than a car, but much cheaper. Secondly, it has a narrow shape and can go around traffic jams. For the same reason, you can easily hide from police cars by simply turning into a narrow street. Thirdly, motorcycle is adapted for off-road, which is especially true for Russian conditions. Fourth, if a motorcycle is still stuck in the dirt, sometimes it can be pulled out manually. It is not as difficult as a car or an ATV! Fifth, riding a motorcycle is easier than driving a car; even children can drive it.

Many can argue with me because the motorcycle does not have a large trunk, and you cannot carry large loads on it, unlike a car. In addition, only three people fit on a motorcycle. However, after half an hour, a stroller (коляска) can be attached to Russian motorcycles, which can accommodate both volume cargo and a fourth person. The only undeniable minus of the bicycle is its dependence on the weather. For example, it’s cold to drive in winter. However, if you take into account not Russia, but more southern countries, a motorcycle will become simply an indispensable type of transport!

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