B1. Read the following text, pay attention to the underlined words, try to

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MODULE 1. THE NEED FOR LAW

There are not enough jails, not enough policemen, not enough courts to

enforce a law not supported by the people.

H.Humphrey

LESSON 1

A. LEAD-IN.

A1. Discuss the following.

1. Do we need rules and laws?

2. Why do people sometimes break rules and laws? Have you ever broken

any rules?

3. Read the quotation and discuss it – what does Humphrey mean by it?

4. In your opinion, what is the difference between law and tradition? What

traditions do you know?

B. READING

B1. Read the following text, pay attention to the underlined words, try to

learn them.

KEY VOCABULARY

Descriptive (a) – описательный

describe (v) – описывать

behave (v) – вести себя,

поступать

behaviour(BrE) /

behavior(AmE)(n) – поведение

prescriptive (a) –

предписывающий

prescribe (v) – предписывать

regulation (n) – правило,

предписание

define (v) – определять

conduct (n) – поведение

impose upon/on (v) –

навязывать, налагать

enforce (v) – принуждать,

заставлять, обеспечивать

соблюдение

enforcement (n) – давление,

принуждение, осуществление

codify (v) - кодифицировать

enable (v) – давать право,

возможность

punish (v) – наказывать

carry out (v) – выполнять

compulsion (n) – принуждение

obedience (n) – повиновение

prosecute (v) – преследовать в

судебном порядке

order (v) – приказывать, велеть

restitution (n) –возвращение,

возмещение

owner (n) – владелец

obey (v) – повиноваться

penalty – наказание, штраф

underlie – лежать в основе

order (n) – порядок

lay down (v) - устанавливать

What is law?

The term “law” is used in many senses: we may speak of the laws of

physics, mathematics, science, nature, or the laws of football, logic or health.

Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural

phenomena, usually behave. An example of descriptive law is rather

consistent law of gravity, another example is the less consistent laws of

economics.

 Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people should or

must behave. An example of prescriptive law is traffic regulations. When we

speak of the law of a state we use the term “law” in a special and strict sense,

and in that sense law may be defined as “a rule of human conduct, imposed

upon and enforced among, the members of a given state”.

In any society, laws have several characteristics. First, laws

symbolize norms, values, traditions. Second, laws must be codified in some

way, usually through writing. Third, there must exist a method of

enforcement: this can include police, social pressure, “magic”, or some other

force that enable society to punish or reward its members. And finally, there

must be something specific to be enforced: laws are not general, but specific.

The main characteristic of law is that it is enforced, and such enforcement is

usually carried out by the State. If the rules or laws are broken, compulsion is

used to enforce obedience. Thus if A steals a watch from B, A may be

prosecuted before the court. The court may then order the restitution of the

watch to its rightful owner, B. If A refuses to obey, he or she may be

punished, that means a penalty will be imposed on A.

This is why we need law: if we all behaved according to our

personal standards of behaviour and morality, anarchy would rule the world.

We may say, then, that two ideas underlie the concept of law: 1) order, in the

sense of method or system; and 2) compulsion – i.e. the enforcement of

obedience to the rules or laws laid down.

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