Regional, inception, tangible, international, inter-governmental, was

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Unit 1

Ex.1 Read the text. Fill in the gaps with the missing words given below.

Regional, inception, tangible, international, inter-governmental, was

expanded, infrastructural, prospects, socio-economic, Islamic State, aspirations,has developed.

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), is an 1 inter-governmental regional organization established in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan and Turkey for the purpose of sustainable 2 socio-economic development of the Member States. ECO is the successor organization of 3Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) which remained active from 1964 up to 1979. In 1992, the Organization 4.was expanded to include seven new members, namely: 5 Islamic state of Afghanistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Republic of Uzbekistan. Since its 6 inception the member states have been collaborating to accelerate the pace of regional development through their common endeavors. Besides shared cultural and historic affinities, they have been able to use the existing 7.infrastructuralc and business links to further fortify their resolve to transfer their hopes and 8.aspirations into a 9.tangible  reality. The ECO region is full of bright trading 10. prospects ,Despite its young age, it 11.has developed  into a thriving regionalorganization. Its 12.international stature is also growing and many regional countries and international organizations have shown their interest in seeking an observer status with it.

Ex.2 Add an appropriate preposition to each of the following sentences where indicated.

Organizational controls

An organization can best achieve its objectives when its members require a minimum 1. a supervision because they are competent and goal-oriented. Nevertheless, even 2 .in optimal conditions of individual commitment and self-control, organizations need formal controls. The control function of organizations consists 3. at the following:

1. Establishing standards 4. in which all aspects of organizational life are evaluated.

Most organizations have formal standards relating 5. a spending, production,

sales, product quality, safety, inventory, personnel selection, acceptable employee

behavior, and so forth.

2. Establishing feedback system by which actual performance is compared 6. and

predetermined standards.

These are best exemplified 7. at management reports which show, often 8 .is

a daily basis, expected and actual performance.

3. Taking appropriate action to ensure that substandard performance is improved

and that standards will be met 9. at the future.

It is common practice to refer 10. on the standards and feedback systems as controls although it should be obvious that they serve a control function only 11. and managerial action is involved. They are not a substitute 12. for supervision, but they inimize requirements for personal supervision.

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