Many structures discovered at Early Bronze Age sites have been interpreted as
Содержание книги
- Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
- Prof. Maciej Popko, who kindly read through an earlier draft of the manuscri.pt.
- ArOr Archiv Orientalin, Praha
- Fesseur Rene Lebrun. Collection KUBABA, Serie Antiquite VI, Paris 2004
- Fs van Loon O.M.C. Haex - H.H. Curvers - P.M.M.G. Akkermans (eds), To the Euphrates and Be
- Kaskal kaskal, Rivista di storia, ambienti e cuitura del VIcino Oriente antico, Roma
- Syria Syria. Revue d’art oriental et d’archeologie, Paris
- Cording to the do ul des principle - influence their decisions with appropriate gifts,
- As a means and a way of contacting the gods and influencing their decisions. Cel-
- Inging graphic customs; hence it does not contribute to defining historical
- Later, in the ninth millennium BC, in the Taurus piedmoni and the river valleys of
- Cut by strong leveling or egalitarian proeesses, see Kuijt (ed.) 2000 for a full review of the debate.
- Ports. 1 Links with the Levant (Nahal Hemar) are also evidenced by the stone face
- Ahmar on the eastem bank of the Euphrates already on the Syrian side of the modern
- Does not lie, unfortunately, with yet another stela with sehematic facial features in
- Mellaart 1967: 1.08; cf. also Hodder — Cessford 2004: 23f.
- Uniike the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age anthropomorphic figurines which
- Meskell - Nakamura — King - Fand 2008: 144.
- Many structures discovered at Early Bronze Age sites have been interpreted as
- On long necks. The figurines are found usually in houses, also in buildings inter-
- Tion of metal objects, jewelry, weapons, and vessels made from copper, silver, and
- More is known about the beliefs of this period: the origins and names of prominent
- Ed gods of different origin: Luwian, Hittite, Hattian, and perhaps also from a local
- Anna was the main deity of the city of Kanes, 134 appearing next to Assur as
- Divine patron of the king and dynasty, and the second for a deity of Kanes, com-
- On iconographic similarities sfaould be treated with due caution.
- Century BC. 168 These were the kings who bullt the greatness of the Hittite Empire
- Northern Anatolia both grew from the indigenous Hattian tradition. 1t is quite likely,
- Most important States in central Anatolia, encompassing a considerable territory in
- Hittite heartland, e.g. Ankuwa, Tawiniva and Katapa, as well as the chief god of
- Palhuna / Storm-god of Ziplanda with Katahhi / Ulza, Uliw/pasu, Katarzasu / Su-
- God of Ziplanda, Katahhi of Ankuwa, and Teteshapi, whose main cult center was
- And the Hattians. ” In myths, Hapantali appears beside the Luwian goddess Kam-
- Period the goddess’s name was usually written with the logogram LAMMA, see 3.2.1)
- Theon. Some lists of gods mention Mm next to the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess
- Nerik; accordingly, offerir.gs are made to the Storm-god of Nerik, the Sun-goddess of the Earth,
- Century BC, the ceremonial throne Halmasuit was one of the cult objects in the temple
- Geneous, reflecting the ethnic differentiation of the population of the land of Haiti.
- Tral Anatolia dropped the male solar deity under the influence of Hattian beliefe
- Traditionai structure of the local pantheon with a nature goddess at the head to
- At the time also with the logograms NIN.URTA and URAS started being used
- An unpublished text 1320/z which mentions the Storm-god of Ziplanda (obv. 8’, IO 1 ) and Anzili
- To Hattian Katahzipuri, 298 which may suggest that the goddess, who was worshiped
- Ion and the traditions of local cults in central and northern Anatolia did not change
- With war-gods and sometimes also with the deity GAL.ZU. Finde of zoomorphic vessels
- To one text, it was where people gathered during the day and the gods at
- Ready in existence in Old Hittite times. The Hittite names, however, are unknown.
- SANGA-priests. Cf. also Popko 2001a; -328.
- The cult of specific deities. The tazzeli- priest is encountered solely in the cult of Zi-
- Tions. The gods received loaves of bread and specific parts of sacrificial animals (the
Shrines, based foremost on the equipment which consists of anthropomorphic figu-
Rines and vessels. Mentioned most often in this context are tower R in the Southern
79
Gate of Troy I (where stone stelae were discovered, one with a carved human face),
the ‘shrines’ from successive phases of Troy (II, III and Vb), from phase B in
Kusura 8 * and layer 9 M at Alisjar Höyük, 82 the megaron from layer 12 of the Kältepe
Mound, and the shrines from layers XI and X-VIII at Pulur on the Upper Euphra-
R- 85
tes (where altars were identified, as in the Hall Complex at nearby Korucutepe').
But unlike the Mesopotamian and Syrian temples from the same period, the Anatolian
ones (possibly with the exception of the megaron in Kültepe) were not distinguished
76 Frangipane 2003: 15411., Figs 4 & 5.
Cf. Frangipane 2003: 157: “Arslantepe period VII pottery, for exampie, has its own formal
Features, with nothing in common with Early or Middle Urufc potterv.”
Gates
F.; Fi
Vmgipane 1997; 20C
13; 154, 158, Figs 4 & 6: cf, also Sharp Joukowsky 1996: 178,
Cf. M
Eliaart 1959b:
Sharp Jouko’
Ivsky 1996: 149, 150 Fig. 5.5.
Melk
Art 1959b: 15S
L; ef, also Popko IS
)95a: 41. - §
La mb
PL
Va; 1973: 28.
Schm
Idt 1932: 33ff.
, 90,
j
Cf. LI
Fig. 34. See also 3
Viel link 1958: 93f.; 1983: 175f.
VCT
joon - Gütertx
Ick 1972; van Loon
I (ed.) 1978: 20tf.
Ohalcouthic and Early Bronze Age 21
In any way from the surrounding architeeture. In most cases, they presumably rep
Resented dornestic cults.
The best evidence of cult has been recorded in the shrines which constituted an
Integral part of the yillage architeeture from layers XVII-XIV at Beycesultan. Two
Twin shrines were discovered in successive phases. Each was composed of a main
Chamber and a small adjacent room. The most important element of the aitar on
The east side of the room was a double clay stela covered with a layer of plaster. In
Front of it there was a hearth with a characteristic pot-stand in the form of horns
And behind it, vessels or clay basins sunk into the floor. The excavators interpreted
A hole in the floor in front of the stelae as a place for a wooden pole. The structure
With an outlet charmel, situated by the north wall, was interpreted as an aitar for
Blood sacrifices. The shrines yieided numerous violin-shaped Idols of stone and
87 ■
votive vessels. But contrary to what can be read in the literature,' there is abso-
Lutely no evidence for a pair of deities, a goddess and her male partner, having been
Worshiped here.
The most important testimony of domestic cult found at many sites are natural-
Istic and schematic female statuettes, as well as anthropomorphic and zoomorphic
Vessels known already from the late Neolithic, e.g., from layer VI at Hacilar and
Kösjk Höyük. Vessels of this kind from the Early Bronze Age have been recorded
at Troy starting from layer II, 9 as well as Demircihöyük near Eski§ehir, Karahöyük
in the Konya Plain, and AIi§ar Höyük near Yozgat. Mentions of similar vessels in
Hittite texts from the second millennium BC lead to the assumption that they were
Used in cult praetiees also in earlier times.
The tradition of small anthropomorphic statuary in Anatolia goes back to the
Neolithic. Female imagery predominates; male figures do not occur before the EB III
Period. Among nearly 1000 anthropomorphic statuettes known to date from the Chal
Colithic and Early Bronze Age, 1 the biggest number is schematic, the most typical
Shape being the so-called violin-shaped idols from Western Anatolia and the EB III
Lloyd - Meilaart 1957; 1962: 37; Yakar 1974; cf. also Sharp Joukowsky 1996: 158f.
See n. 86.
88 Greaves — Helwing 2003: 80 (vessel in the shape of a deer’s he ad); Schoop 2005: 1.18; Yildmm
— Gates 2007: 280 (an anthropomorphic pot).
Cf. Sharp Joukowsky 1996: 154ff.
Meilaart 1963b: 216. fig. 10.
Bilgi 1972, See now Makowski 2005 with referenees.
22
Pbkuistoric Anatolia
Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age
Cappadoeian alabaster idols with discoid bodies and with one to four heads set
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