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Letters Used as Symbols for Quantities
| Letter
| Quality
| | A
| area, mass number
| | a
| acceleration
| | В
| magnetic flux density
| | b
| breadth
| | C
| capacitance, heat capacity
| | с
| specific heat capacity, velocity of e.m. waves in vacuum, critical angle
| | d
| relative density, thickness, distance apart
| | E
| energy, electric field strength, electromotive force. Ek kinetic energy, Ep potential energy, E0peak e.m.f.
| | e
| charge on electron (or proton), an electron
| | F
| Faraday constant, force
| | f
| frequency, focal length
| | G
| free energy (ΔG), conductance
| | g
| acceleration due to gravity
| | H
| magnetic field strength, magnetizing force, heat of reaction (Δ H)
| | h
| height
| | I
| intensity of radiation, electric current
| | a
| peak current
| | i
| angle of incidence
| | k
| a constant
| | L
| self-inductance, latent heat, Avogadro constant
| | Lm
| molar latent heat
| | I
| length, specific latent heat
| | M
| mutual inductance, molar solution
| | т
| mass, electromagnetic moment, magnification
| | N
| number of molecules, neutron number
| | NA
| Avogadro constant
| | N
| a number, refractive index, number of moles, a neutron
| | P
| power
| | p
| pressure, order of a spectrum, a proton
| | Q
| electric charge
| | q
| quantity of heat
| | R
| resistance
| | RA
| anode slope resistance, molar gas constant
| | r
| angle of refraction, gas constant (nR), radius
| | s
| distance along a path, slit separation
| | Т
| period, thermodynamic (absolute) temperature, torque, tension, turns ratio
| | t
| time
| | ts
| half-life
| | u
| initial velocity, velocity of molecules, object distance
| | V
| volume, electrical potential, potential difference
| | Vm
| molar volume
| | V
| velocity, image distance, velocity of sound
| | W
| weight
| | w
| work
| | X
| reactance
| | z
| atomic number
| | z
| charge on ion, electrochemical equivalent
| | α
| an angle
| | Δ
| an increment (finite)
| | ε
| permittivity
| | η
| efficiency
| | θ
| temperature (Celsius), temperature difference, an angle, Bragg angle
| | λ
| wavelength, decay constant
| | μ
| permeability, amplification factor
| | π
| ratio of circumference to diameter of circle
| | ρ
| density, resistivity
| | Ф
| magnetic flux
| | φ
| an angle
| | ω
| angular velocity
|
Appendix 11
Important Values, Constants and Standards
1. s.t.p. = standard temperature and pressure, expressed as 1.00 atm or 760 mmHg or 101 kPa (= kN m-2) (Pa = pascal) and 0°C or 273.15 К
2. Temperature of triple point of water, 273.16 К
3. Gas constant, 8.314 JK-1 mol-1
4. Standard volume of a mole of gas at s.t.p., 22.4 dm3
5. The Faraday constant, F, 9.65  104C mol-1
6. The Avogadro constant, L, 6.02 1023 mol-1
7. The Planck constant, h, 6.63 x 10-34 Js
8. Speed of light, c, 3.00 x 10-8ms-1
9. Mass of proton, 11H, 1.67 l0-27 kg
mass of neutron, 01n, 1.67 l0-27 kg
mass of electron, -10e, 9.11 10-31 kg
electronic charge, e, -1.60 10-19C
10. 1 cal = 4.18 J
11. l eV = l.60 l0-19J
12. Specific heat capacity of water, 4.18 J g-1 K-1
13. Ionic product of water, Kw =1.008 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6, at 289 К (25°С)
Appendix 12
Greek Alphabet
| Capital, small
| Name
| English equivalent
| Russian equivalent
| | A α
| alpha
| ['{lf@]
| a
| альфа
| | B β
| beta
| ['bi:t@, US: 'beIt@]
| b
| бета
| | Γγ
| gamma
| ['g{m@]
| g
| гамма
| | Δδ
| delta
| ['delt@]
| d
| дельта
| | Εε
| epsilon
| [ep'saIl@n, US: 'epsIlÁn]
| e (short)
| эпсилон
| | Ζζ
| (d)zeta
| ['zi:t@, US: 'zeIt@]
| z
| дзета
| | Ηη
| eta
| ['i:t@, US: 'eIt@]
| e (long)
| эта
| | Θθ
| theta
| ['Ti:t@, US: 'TeIt@]
| th
| тэта
| | Ιι
| iota
| [aI'@Ut@]
| i
| йота
| | Κκ
| kappa
| ['k{p@]
| k
| каппа
| | Λλ
| lambda
| ['l{mbd@]
| l
| лямбда
| | Μμ
| mu
| ['mju:]
| т
| ми(мю)
| | Νν
| nu
| ['nju:, US: nu:]
| n
| ни (ню)
| | Ξξ
| xi
| ['ksaI]
| x
| кси
| | Οο
| omicron
| [@U'maIkr@n, US: 'omIkrÁn]
| о (short)
| омикрон
| | Ππ
| pi
| [paI]
| p
| пи
| | Ρρ
| rho
| [r@U]
| r
| ро
| | Σσ
| sigma
| ['sIgm@]
| s
| сигма
| | Ττ
| tau
| [taU]
| t
| тау
| | Υυ
| upsilon
| ['ju:psaI'lÁn]
| и
| ипсилон
| | Φφ
| рhi
| [faI]
| ph
| фа
| | Χχ
| chi
| [kaI]
| ch
| хи
| | Ψψ
| psi
| [psaI]
| ps
| пси
| | Ωώ
| omega
| ['@UmIg@, US: @U'meg@]
| o (long)
| омега
|
Appendix 13
List of Chemical Elements
| Ac
| actinium
| [{k'tInI@m]
| актиний
| | Ag
| argentum = silver
| [¸³ent@m], ['sIlv@]
| серебро
| | Al
| aluminium (US=um)
| ["{ljU'mInI@m]
| алюминий
| | Am
| americium
| ["{m@'rIsI@m]
| америций
| | Ar
| argon
| ['¸gÁn]
| аргон
| | As
| arsenic
| ['¸snIk]
| мышьяк
| | At
| astatine
| ['{st@'ti:n]
| астат
| | Au
| aurum = gold
| ['þrem], [g@Uld]
| золото
| | В
| boron
| ['bþrÁn]
| бор
| | Ba
| barium
| ['be@rI@m]
| барий
| | Be
| beryllium
| [be'rIlI@m]
| бериллий
| | Bi
| bismuth
| ['bIzm@T]
| висмут
| | Bk
| berkelium
| ["býkIlI@m]
| беркелий
| | Br
| bromine
| ['br@Umi:n]
| бром
| | С
| carbon
| ['kA:b@n]
| углерод
| | Ca
| calcium
| ['k{lsI@m]
| кальций
| | Cd
| cadmium
| ['k{dmI@m]
| кадмий
| | Сe
| cerium
| ['si:rI@m]
| церий
| | Cf
| californium
| ["k{lI'fþnI@m]
| калифорний
| | Cl
| chlorine
| ['klþri:n]
| хлор
| | Cm
| curium
| ['kju:rI@m]
| кюрий
| | Co
| cobalt
| [k@'bþlt]
| кобальт
| | Cr
| chromium
| ['kr@UmI@m]
| хром
| | Cs
| caesium
| ['si:zI@m]
| цезий
| | Cu
| copper
| ['kÁp@]
| медь
| | Dy
| dysprosium
| [dIs'pr@UsI@m]
| диспрозий
| | Er
| erbium
| ['ýbI@m]
| эрбий
| | Es
| einsteinium
| [aIn'staInI@m]
| эйнштейний
| | Јu
| europium
| [ju:'r@UpI@m]
| европий
| | F
| fluorine
| ['flU@ri:n]
| фтор
| | Fe
| ferrum = iron
| ['fer@m], ['aI@n]
| железо
| | Em
| fermium
| [fýmI@m]
| фермий
| | Er
| francium
| ['fr{nsI@m]
| франций
| | Ga
| gallium
| ['g{lI@m]
| галлий
| | Gd
| gadolinium
| ["g{dÁ'lInI@m]
| гадолиний
| | Ge
| germanium
| [³ý'meInI@m]
| германий
| | H
| hydrogen
| ['haIdrI³(@)n]
| водород
| | He
| helium
| ['hi:lI@m]
| гелий
| | Hf
| hafnium
| ['h{fnI@m]
| гафний
| | Hg
| hydrargyrum = mercury
| [haI'dr¸³Ir@m], ['mýkjUrI]
| ртуть
| | Ho
| holmium
| ['h@UlmI@m]
| гольмий
| | I
| iodine
| ['aI@dÖn]
| йод
| | In
| indium
| ['IndI@m]
| индий
| | Ir
| iridium
| [aI'rIdI@m]
| иридий
| | К
| kalium=potassium
| ['keIlI@m], [p@'t{sI@m]
| калий
| | Kr
| krypton
| ['krIptÁn]
| криптон
| | Ku
| kurchatovium
| ["kýtS@'tevI@m]
| курчатовий
| | La
| lanthanum
| ['l{nT@n@m]
| лантан
| | Li
| lithium
| ['lITI@m]
| литий
| | Lr
| lawrencium
| [lþ'rensI@m]
| лоуренсий
| | Lu
| lutetium
| [lju:'tÖSI@m]
| лютеций
| | Md
| mendelevium
| ["mend@'levI@m]
| менделевий
| | Mg
| magnesium
| [m{g'nIzI@m]
| магний
| | Mn
| manganese
| ["m{Îg@'nÖz]
| марганец
| | Mo
| molybdenum
| [mÁ'lIbdIn@m]
| молибден
| | N
| nitrogen
| ['naItrI³@n]
| азот
| | Na
| natrium = sodium
| ['neItrI@m], ['s@UdI@m]
| натрий
| | Mb
| niobium = columbium
| [naI'@UbI@m], [k@'lömbI@m]
| ниобий
| | Nd
| neodymium
| ["nÖ@'dImI@m]
| неодим
| | Ne
| neon
| ['nÖ@n]
| неон
| | Ni
| nickel
| ['nIkl]
| никель
| | No
| nobelium
| [n@U'bIlI@m]
| нобелий
| | Np
| neptunium
| [nep'tjünI@m]
| нептуний
| | Ns
| nilsborium
| ['nIlzbþrI@m]
| нильсборий
| |
| oxygen
| ['ÁksI³@n]
| кислород
| | Os
| osmium
| ['ÁzmI@m]
| осмий
| | P
| phosphorus
| ['fÁsf@r@s]
| фосфор
| | Pa
| protactinium
| ["pr@Ut{k'tInI@m]
| протактиний
| | Pb
| plumbum=lead
| ['plömb@m], [led]
| свинец
| | Pd
| palladium
| [p@'leIdI@m]
| палладий
| | Pm
| promethium
| [pr@'mÖTI@m]
| прометий
| | Po
| polonium
| [p@'l@UnI@m]
| полоний
| | Pr
| praseodymium
| ["preIzI@'dImI@m]
| празеодим
| | Pt
| platinum
| ['pl{tIn@m]
| платина
| | Pu
| plutonium
| [plü't@UnI@m]
| плутоний
| | Ra
| radium
| ['reIdI@m]
| радий
| | Rb
| rubidium
| [rü'bIdI@m]
| рубидий
| | Re
| rhenium
| ['rÖnI@m]
| рений
| | Rh
| rhodium
| ['r@UdI@m]
| родий
| | Rn
| radon
| ['reIdÁn]
| радон
| | Ru
| ruthenium
| [rü'TÖnI@m]
| рутений
| | S
| sulpher/sulfur (US)
| ['sölf@]
| сера
| | Sb
| antimony = stibium
| [{n'tIm@nI], ['stIbI@m]
| сурьма
| | Sc
| scandium
| ['sk{ndI@m]
| скандий
| | Se
| selenium
| [sI'lInI@m]
| селен
| | Si
| silicon
| ['sIlIk@n]
| кремний
| | Sm
| samarium
| [s@'meIrI@m]
| самарий
| | Sn
| stannum = tin
| ['st{n@m], [tIn]
| олово
| | Sr
| strontium
| ['strÁnSI@m]
| стронций
| | Та
| tantalum
| ['t{nt@lem]]
| тантал
| | Tb
| terbium
| [týbI@m]
| тербий
| | Tc
| technetium
| [tek'nÖSI@m]
| технеций
| | Те
| tellurium
| [te'ljUrI@m]
| теллур
| | Th
| thorium
| ['TþrI@m]
| торий
| | Ti
| titanium
| [taI'teInI@m]
| титан
| | Tl
| thallium
| ['T{lI@m]
| таллий
| | Tm
| thulium
| ['TjülI@m]
| туллий
| | U
| uranium
| [jU@'reInI@m]
| уран
| | V
| vanadium
| [v@'neIdI@m]
| ванадий
| | w
| wolfram = tungsten
| ['wUlfr@m], ['töÎst@n]
| вольфрам
| | Xe
| xenon
| ['zenÁn]
| ксенон
| | Y
| yttrium
| ['ItrI@m]
| иттрий
| | Yb
| ytterbium
| [I'týbI@m]
| иттербий
| | Zn
| zinc
| [zIÎk]
| цинк
| | Zr
| zirconium
| [zý'k@UnI@m]
| цирконий
|
Appendix 14
Reading Chemical Formulas
Буквы латинского алфавита, обозначающие названия элементов, читаются так же, как буквы латинского алфавита, например: Н20 – [eItS tu: @U].
| O
| [@U]
| | Al
| ['eI 'el]
| | Hg
| ['eItS '³Ö]
| | HCL
| ['eItS 'sÖ 'el]
| | CO2
| ['sÖ '@U 'tü]
| | 2KCL
| ['tü 'mÁlIkjülz @v 'keI 'sÖ 'el]
|
Знак + читается: plus, and или together with.
Знак = читается: give или form (здесь знак = означает равенство)
Знак → читается: give, pass over to или lead to.
Знак ↔ читается: forms или is formed from, либо reversibly
CO2 + CaO → CaCo3
['si: '@U 'tu: 'plös 'si: 'ei '@U 'giv 'si: 'ei 'si: '@U 'Tri:]
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
['en 'tu: 'рlös 'Tri: 'mÁlikjülz @v 'eitS tu: 'fþm @nd ¸ 'fþmd frÁm 'tu: 'mÁlIkjülz @v 'en 'eitS 'Tri:]
C2H4 + CL2 = C3H4Cl2
['si: 'tu: 'eI¶ 'fþ 'plös 'si: 'el 'tu: 'gIv 'si: 'Tri: 'ei¶ fþ 'si: 'el 'tu:]
4HC1 + O2 = 2Cl2 + 2H2O
['fþ 'mÁlikju:lz @v 'eitS 'si: 'el 'рlös '@U tu: 'gIv tu: 'mÁlIkjülz @v 'si: 'el 'tu: @nd 'tu: 'mÁlikju:lz @v 'eitS 'tu: '@U]
AcOH ↔ AcO– + H+
['eI 'si: '@U 'eitS 'fþmz @nd iz 'fþmd fr@m 'eI 'si: 'Oksi³@n 'aI@n 'plös 'hadrI³@n 'aI@n]
AcO– – acyloxy ion
H+ – hydrogen ion ['haIdrI³@n 'aI@n] или univalent positive hydrogen ion или proton
CL– – negative chlorine ion или negative univalent chlorine ion или chloride
Знак – или: обозначает одну связь, не читается.
| | | :Cl:
| | | | Cl
| | | | | | ..
| | | | │
| | | | CCl4 –
| : Cl
| : C:
| Cl:
| или
| Cl —
| C
| — Cl
| ['si:'si:'el 'fþ]
| | | | ..
| | | | │
| | | | | | :Cl:
| | | | Cl
| | |
Знак = или :: обозначает две связи, не читается.
С02 –:0::С::0: или О = С = О ['si: '@U 'tu]
| | | | | | O
| | | | | | | | | │
| | | | | H
| | | | C
| == OH
| | | | │
| | | | │
| | | | C —
| C
| — C
| | | C
| == OH
| | | | │
| | | | │
| | | | | H
| | | | O
| | | | ['si: 'TrÖ'eItS 'tu:]
|
| ['si: 'tu: '@U 'tu: '@U 'eItS tu:]
| | | | | | | | | | |
Appendix 15
|
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